Least ost solution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Least ost arrangement - Essay Example Examination of the Supply Chain Project shows that move focuses isn't essential or supported. The major monetary factor which impacts the impact of separation on rates is the component of cost. In transportation, certain expenses are caused regardless of the genuine development per se.Products conveyed by Canbide are named generally safe items. Bearers are required to give associations and build sidings to conveyance of carload shipments to private sidings and to give group tracks for stacking and emptying. Exchanging administration for these tracks must be given on a sensible premise. As an issue of training, railways frequently arrange auxiliary exchanging and terminal organizations, regularly on a joint premise, to play out these administrations. Since the firm is little and frequently firmly held, it isn't astounding that the association of the engine bearer is the commonly basic line type with a progression of power from the proprietor descending through the association. The ada ptability of the trucks additionally represents another considerable preferred position, speed. While there is practically zero distinction in the supreme speed capability of surface vehicles (i.e., the miles every hour limit of trucks and trains are about the equivalent), the engine truck for the most part furnishes the shipper with better assistance in respect than slipped by time (travel time), which is a definitive proportion of time for the shipper. Transportation administration, in the same way as other different administrations or items, is once in a while delivered under states of basic expense;

Past Continuous Lesson Plan for ESL Learners

Past Continuous Lesson Plan for ESL Learners Learning the fundamental structure and utilization of the past persistent is normally not that hard for most understudies. Shockingly, this isn't the situation with regards to effectively incorporating the past nonstop into ordinary discussions or composed interchanges. This exercise is planned for helping understudies effectively utilize the past constant in talking and composing. This is done using the past persistent as a distinct tense to paint an image in expressions existing apart from everything else when something significant happened. Point To build dynamic utilization of the past persistent Movement Talking movement followed by a hole fill practice andâ creative composition Level Middle of the road Framework Start instructing the past consistent by recounting to a story with overstated subtleties using the past persistent. For instance: I recollect that day well. The feathered creatures were singing, the sun was sparkling, and the kids were messing around calmly. At that point, I saw Alex and began to look all starry eyed at. Point out how the past constant is utilized to portray the scene.Quickly audit the past persistent structure with the class. Go over contrasts in use between the past basic and past ceaseless. Point out that the past consistent spotlights on a particular second in the past.Write different models on the leading group of sentences joining the past straightforward and past nonstop to show the possibility of an interfered with past. For instance, I was strolling through the recreation center when I met David. Request that understudies remark on what work the past nonstop plays in the model sentences.Have understudies partition into little gatherings of 3-4.Ask understud ies to finish the movement by furnishing a fitting reaction with the past persistent to depict an activity that was interfered. Next, have understudies first conjugate action words in the past easy to finish the story. Next, request that they embed past persistent statements into the proper spot in the story.Correct this activity as a class. Make a point to note contrasts between the past consistent and past basic as you review.Ask understudies to finish the composed exercise concentrating on an uncommon day in their lives.Once theyve composed their passage, request that understudies discover an accomplice. Every understudy should peruse their passage and pose inquiries to check to understand.â Interfered with Actions Utilize the action word proposal to finish the sentence with a proper expression communicating an intruded on activity: I (watch) ____________ when her supervisor called with a vocation offer.My companions (play) _____________ when they felt the earthquake.When I strolled in the entryway, they kids (study) _________________.We (eat) _________________ when we heard the news.My guardians (travel) ________________ when I called that I was pregnant.â Utilization of the Past Continuous in Writing Put the accompanying action words into the past basic: Thomas _______ (live) in the unassuming community of Brington. Thomas _______ (love) strolling through the wonderful woods that encompassed Brington. One night, he ____ (take) his umbrella and _____ (take) a stroll in the forested areas. He ______ (meet) an elderly person named Frank. Forthcoming _______ (tell) Thomas that, on the off chance that he _____ (need) to get rich, he ought to put resources into a generally secret stock called Microsoft. Thomas ______ (think) Frank _____ (be) stupid on the grounds that Microsoft ____ (be) a PC stock. Everyone _____ (realize) that PCs _____ (be) only a passing craze. At any rate, Frank _______ (demand) that Thomas _____ (not be right. Blunt _______ (draw) a superb chart of future prospects. Thomas ______ (start) feeling that perhaps Frank ______ (get) stocks. Thomas _______ (choose) to get a portion of these stocks. The following day, he ______ (go) to the stock agents and _____ (purchase) $1,000 worth of Microsoft stock. That _____ (be) in 1986. Today, that $1,000 is worth more than $250,000! Improve the Story Supplement the accompanying past persistent sections into the above story: As Frank was drawing the diagram, ...... while he was strolling to work,it was coming down, so...While they were talking about the stock, ...When he was coming back from his stroll, ...As he was strolling through the forested areas, Composed Exercise Compose a depiction of a significant day in your life. Incorporate the most significant occasions that happened during that day in the past straightforward. When you have composed the significant occasions utilizing the past straightforward, attempt to incorporate a depiction of what was going on at a portion of the particular minutes when those occasions happened to give more details.Write out a couple of inquiries regarding your significant day. Make sure to remember a couple of inquiries for the past consistent. For instance, What was I doing when I got some answers concerning the job?Find an accomplice and read your story twice. Next, ask your accomplice your inquiries and discuss.Listen to your accomplices story and answer their inquiries.

The Effect of Employee Job Satisfaction

The Effect of Employee Job Satisfaction Study Objectives: The reason for this paper is to look at the effect of occupation weight on work fulfillment and hierarchical duty. The creator concentrated a portion of the definitions and the wellsprings of employment stress and he referenced a portion of the pressure related disease; he additionally analyzed the sorts and factors of hierarchical duty. The examination question of the paper is what is the impact of occupation weight on workers work fulfillment and authoritative duty? Catchphrases: work pressure, work fulfillment and hierarchical responsibility Presentation The primary reason for the paper is to look at the specific employment stress and its impact on work fulfillment of the representatives and authoritative responsibility and along these lines on the association all in all. Stress, which hugy affect work satisfaction that in this way influence the activity execution, is viewed as a characteristic division of every single occupation. Of late, analysts recommend that when the work nature adjusts the representatives government assistance is influenced. Nowadays, Job pressure considers a significant issue in light of its unavoidable result in any association because of the present life troubles (Singh, 2009: 255). Additionally Ziauddin et al (2010: 618) expressed that in our general public pressure is being inescapable; and so as to keep away from it, acknowledgment and acknowledgment can facilitate its outcomes and impacts. As occupation stress will influence authoritative responsibility, and this will straightforwardly prompt the execution of workers and will likewise influence the organizations execution. That is the reason associations need to diminish the weight on its workers. Another significant point in authoritative research is hierarchical duty. It very well may be utilized in the comprehension of representatives conduct in the work environment. Authoritative responsibility emulates how much workers relate to an association and are faithful to its objectives. Meta-examination contemplates uncovered a solid positive connection between authoritative responsibility and occupation fulfillment (Tett and Meyer, 1993). Then again, a few investigations found that 38 percent just of representatives experience a drawn out promise to their working environment. Anyway associations with exceptionally dedicated workers will have a higher efficiency than an association with a non submitted representatives (YUSOB, 1999) The three factors, work pressure, work fulfillment and duty to the association are grapping the consideration of the hierarchical conduct examine, these authoritative practices legitimately and emphatically influence the general execution of any foundation. (Chen, Silverthorne, Hung, 2005:243). One of the most raising issues is work pressure that outcomes in noteworthy expenses to laborers and the work relationship around the world, and it is the fundamental explanation behind representatives work fulfillment and authoritative duty (Khatibi, Asadi and Hamidi, 2009:272). A few confinements and holes have been found. The greater part of the investigations on work pressure concentrated uniquely on the impact of occupation weight on work fulfillment or hierarchical duty or even on the association execution. For instance; Sullivan Bahgat (1992) explore the connection between the hierarchical worry with work fulfillment and execution .Fairbrother and Warn (2003) applied an examination to look at the solid connection between stress, measurements of working environment and occupation fulfillment. Chen, Silverthorne Hung (2006) contemplated the impact of duty and authoritative correspondence on work pressure and employment execution. Khatibi, Asadi Hamidi (2009) inspected the association between work pressure and hierarchical responsibility in National Olympic and Paralympic Academy (NOPA) representatives. However, they didnt indicate any parts, similar to the work efficiency in Egypt or in some other nations. So the Research Question of the Research Gap is what is the impact of employment weight on work fulfillment and hierarchical responsibility on Egyptian work? The examination question of the paper is What is the impact of occupation weight on work fulfillment and hierarchical responsibility? since work pressure nowadays is inescapable impact in any enterprise in view of the present life challenges, and it may influence representatives work fulfillment and hierarchical responsibility, which may prompt the end of representatives and this will ruthlessly affect the association execution which will influence the association overall. The paper is comprised of four fundamental sections. The main fragment is a review on work pressure; its definition, sources and levels. The subsequent section is a diagram on work fulfillment; definition, factors and significance. The third portion is an outline on authoritative responsibility; definition, types and factors influencing it. The last portion will analyze the effect of employment weight on work fulfillment and hierarchical responsibility. At that point at long last the procedure will be examined trailed by the end. Writing Review Diagram on work pressure The activity stress is in a roundabout way corresponding with the hierarchical responsibility and the activity execution , at whatever point the representative is progressively dedicated to the association , the activity stress will diminish, along these lines the activity execution will increment and the other way around. . (Chen, Silverthorne, Hung, 2005:243), a raising issue of dealing with worry at work is being looked by personals and their organizations nonetheless, they are powerless on the grounds that they have to comprehend the idea of their activity related pressure (Williams, Cooper, 1998:306). One hazard that should catch the eye of supervisors and they should be receptive to negative factors, for example, work pressure that have a negative consequences for representatives wellbeing and subsequently it unconstructively affects work fulfillment and occupation execution. (Hamidi and Eivazi, 2010:964). Meaning of occupation stress As per Hamidi and Eivazi (2010: 964) work pressure is characterized as the condition where a few highlights or a gathering of qualities that upset the representative on his/her physical, mental, or cultural homeostasis. Moreover, Williams, Cooper (1998: 307) recognized that activity Stress, which can be estimated by some different estimates, for example, mental state of being, apprehension, and employment fulfillment, is a convoluted, multivariate procedure. Likewise (Lee Shin: 2005, 100) concurred that activity stress is the state of wistful weakness and mockery that happens over and again between substances who accomplish individuals work (Lee Shin: 2005, 100). Wellsprings of occupation stress In the working environment there are numerous explanations behind representatives work pressure; one of the fundamental reasons is the work over-burden, representatives remain at the association for a great deal of time attempting to deal with their employments on their cutoff times. While administrators give no consideration for the pressure and in addition they ask more work from worker to do (Shahu and Gole, 2008: 238) In our life there are numerous significant parts; work life is one of those parts. It causes various kinds of stress. Serious nature of the occupations drives representatives to be progressively stressed and invest more energy in their work; this thought about a purpose behind pressure. By and large representatives are progressively on edge about their outcomes and results in their work, along these lines impact their medicines with individuals and with their clients too. As the paper appeared before pressure is worried about ecological conditions which designed to introduce the interest that terrifies to surpass the people capacities. Stress drives a negative effect on the association, so the representatives and their manager ought to comprehend the causes or the wellsprings of stress (Abdullah and ahsan 2009: 121-122). There are various factors that have significant impact on work pressure. Those factors are job vagueness, job struggle, work over-burden, and employment prompted tension. Job strife and job uncertainty are identified with hierarchical and singular results. Job equivocalness is a degree that undeniable information is missing concerning three stages. The initial step is the probabilities identified with a job. The subsequent advance is the methods used to achieve job desires and probabilities. The third step is the job execution results. Job vagueness might be brought about by insecure desires and probabilities. Job strife happened when an individual meets the prompt frequency of job prerequisites where individual execution forestalls the others execution. Work over-burden shows a lot of work and duties that surpass people capacity. Employment incited uneasiness is the degree that people know how the sign and indications of stress over their work position and conditions (Li and Shani 1991: 108-109). Occupation stress is a consequence of hierarchical segments, working for extended periods, absence of authoritative help and authoritative change. Absence of help from managers and partners, and struggle with requests and weights can prompt expanding work pressure. There are different wellsprings of employment stress, lacking staffing, and long working hours. Obligation plans which are in struggle with time for family, shot field duty, arrangements, danger of military orders, issue with managers and a wide decent variety of other employment related issues and issues. Work over-burden, work configuration, work capabilities, work execution and hierarchical structure are markers of employment stress. This investigation likewise included different wellsprings of occupation stress which are work measurement factors which incorporate absence of clearness of the work job, and unsettling influence of individual life and consistently schedules (Bokti and Abu Talib 2009: 301). There are three distinct impacts that have incredible effect on making pressure. The primary impact is close to home impact; it affirmed that the element of the conjugal relationship will referee the impacts of employment frailty (Wilson and Larson 1993: 74). Low wages or pay rates, terrible condition in work, for example, low social help and high remaining burden, and significant level of pressure, those are factors that make representatives leave their work and positions. While, getting acknowledgment in the work environment was one reason that make representatives to proceed in their activity

Teens and Sex Education Free Essays

Youngsters and Sex Education | |Home gt;gt;Teen Sexuality | |[pic] | |[pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic] | |Teen sex training, or adolescent sex ed, is significant for helping adolescents to comprehend the adjustments in their bodies and in their | |relationships during the high school years.Sex instruction assists teenagers with settling on sound decisions about connections and sex. | |Sex instruction for adolescents should begin a long time before the young years. We will compose a custom article test on Youngsters and Sex Education or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now Beginning early, guardians ought to have age-proper | |discussions with their youngsters about affection, connections, qualities, and sex. It is fitting to give youngsters and teenagers legit, | |clear addresses when they pose inquiries about their bodies or about connections. For small kids these answers don't have to | |be realistic, yet ought to be direct. |If guardians make sex training an open, progressing conversation with their kid, when the youngster is a high schooler the individual in question will feel | |more happy with asking their folks inquiries about sex and the progressions realized by sexual improvement in the adolescent | |years.Parental supposition is one of the most significant components teenagers use to settle on choices about sex. In the event that guardians have not instructed | |their teenagers about sex, or demoralize inquiries from their adolescents, the youngsters will get a greater amount of their sex training from companions and | |the media, which are not dependable sources. |Teens do find out about sex from TV, films, music, and magazines; those youngsters who were presented to sex through any of these | |media when youthful are bound to start engaging in sexual relations at an early age. The need to address the bogus impressions youngsters may get | |from the media about sex is a significant explanation t hat adolescents ought to get sex training from their folks. | |Sex instruction directed through schools or strict gatherings can likewise assist with adjusting the misguided and some of the time beguiling sex | |education teenagers get from the media and from friends.Some kinds of sex training introduced by schools or strict associations | |for youngsters and adolescents may include: | |Good contact awful touch talks for basic understudies, instructing them that they reserve the option to be protected from unseemly physical| |contact, and that they should regard this privilege in others. | |Basic portrayals of the conceptive framework, typically introduced in center school, before pubescence, to pre-youngsters isolated by | |gender. |Discussions of human sexuality, explicitly transmitted maladies, and sorts of conception prevention, including restraint, as a rule | |presented to adolescents in secondary school sex instruction courses. | |Value-based, age-fitting conversations about connections and sexuality offered by strict gatherings. | |These sex training classes by and large require parental endorsement before the kid or youngster can partake, and give guardians | |another chance to examine connections and qualities with their kids or teens.Schools, strict gatherings, and network | |organizations may likewise offer counsel or composed materials to assist guardians with conversing with their adolescents about sex. | |Some guardians are worried about the possibility that that adolescent sex instruction urges their youngsters to have intercourse. An ongoing report i n Texas, in any case, found that | |teens who took a fourteen day sex training class turned out to be progressively keen on holding up until after secondary school to engage in sexual relations; before the | |class 84 percent of the teenagers needed to pause, and after the class 87 percent were anticipating pausing. Additionally, before the class 60 | |percent of the youngsters said they needed to hold up until union with engage in sexual relations, and after the class 71 percent were anticipating | |abstaining until marriage. | |The probability that adolescents will engage in sexual relations is likewise decreased in the event that they observe under 2 hours of TV on weeknights, go to | |religious administrations, and originate from a family with the two guardians. | |Parents, regardless of whether wedded or single, are as yet the most grounded impact on the decisions their adolescents make about sex. By being | |involved in their teens’ sex training, guardians can enable their teenagers to create solid perspectives about adoration and sex. | The most effective method to refer to Teens and Sex Education, Papers

Essay on Technology - Database Design Concepts

Essay Sample on Technology A Database Management System (DBMS) is required to store, retrieve and manipulate data from a database. according to Healey, the term DBMS will be used to refer to a software package for a storage, manipulation and retrieval of data from a database. a database is a collection of one or more data files or tables stored in a structured manner, such that interrelationships which exist between different items or sets of data can be utilized by the DBMS software for manipulation and retrieval purposes. The basic infrastructure to build other organizational information systems is a DBMS. Key Issues and applications of the DBMS There are several different issues related to data management in an organization environment. Filing system was adequate only for data storage, although not very efficient but it fulfilled the requirements of long-term data storage. Data retrieval was one of the major issues in file-based systems but with the advent of Database Management Systems and its quick and speedy retrieval methodology this issue was resolved. In the context of Dublin City Council Housing Project, some basic forms connected to a well-designed database will do the trick for data storage making it as effective and efficient as possible. Data retrieval can be performed more quickly compared to file based system. String based search and a few clicks is all that is required to get the required data from system. Updating of data is also a problematic area when database management system is not used. For Dublin City Housing, some part of data is ever changing like the apartment in which a particular household is residing. People move to different places and this information will be modified more frequently than other data. With a database system, it will take a few clicks to get this updated across the whole system. another key issue is analytical reporting. Imaging how hard it will be to figure out from a filing system that how many 2-bedroom apartments are vacant in the whole housing complex. With the native query language (SQL) of database, it is now a matter of seconds and you get your desired results. These are the basic issues that database management systems cater to however the benefits and applications are innumerable. Features and advantages of MS-access Compatibility It is compatible with all Microsoft products since it is a product of Microsoft, as well. User friendly Since it is a Microsoft Product, users are highly familiar with the interface as it has similar look and feel, which makes it user friendly. It is also very easy to use compared to other database systems. Scalable It is possible that the housing development and apartments might grow with time. MS access has upgrade capabilities so in case Dublin City Council Housing need to grow they can upgrade to SQL Server. Backup Dublins housing data can be easily backed up, frequently. So it is available in case of need. Cost effective Dublin Housing will not have to spend heavily on its DBMS if MS access is being used. Setup and Maintenance cost is also less, as compared to larger database systems. as it is mentioned on the access Programmers website, Microsoft access is virtually free. If your computers already have the Microsoft Office Professional Suite of business products installed that is automatically bundled as part of Microsoft Office Professional, Microsoft access is already available and there is no additional database software that is required. Support Microsoft access Support resources are available easily than any other desktop DBMS so providing support is not a difficult task. L02 Task 1 Classic SDLC Database System according to alexis Mathews (2005), different phases of DDLC are requirements analysis, database design, DBMS evaluation, selection, implementation, data loading, testing, operation, performance tuning, and maintenance. Requirements analysis Companys situation, problems and constraints are analyzed and defined. It is discussed what improvements a database management system will bring and what objectives it will help fulfill. Requirements are explicitly and granularly defined so the objectives are clear among teams of what to develop and deliver. Database Design alexis Mathews (2005) mentioned that in a database design, first a conceptual design of the database is created. In the conceptual design stage, data modeling is used to create an abstract database structure that represents the real-world scenario. Data analysis is performed. Data Items and attributes are determined. Data modeling and normalization takes place. an Entity Relationship Diagram is developed (ERD is discussed in detail in the next section). Evaluation and Selection In this phase the best suited database management system is selected and evaluated by its features, compatibility, support availability, cost and hardware requirements. Logical Design Basically, in the logical design we create a normalized ERD in which dependencies and data redundancy is minimized. Physical Design Data Dictionary is created that defines data types for attributes, indexing and parameters. Implementation It is the actual implementation of logical design through Data Definition Languages. Tables and relationships are created, different integrity constraints are applied, and indexes are defined to get an operational database ready for data storage and retrieval. Data Loading Data is loaded into the system. Testing and performance tuning Database is thoroughly tested to ensure it produces accurate results and it is optimized, if required. Maintenance This phase involves support and training. LO2 Task 2 Entity Relationship Modeling and Normalization The entity relationship model is high-level conceptual model where data is described in terms of Entities, Relationships and attributes. For the Dublin Housing Project, the entities we can infer are Housing Developments, apartment and Household Member. The relationships that we can define are: One Housing Development has Many apartments One apartment has Many Household Member living in it. attributes for each entity are defined e.g. Household Member will have attributes like Name, Date of Birth, Sex etc. The Entity relationship model of this scenario will be something like: Figure: Sample ERD for Dublin City HousingThere are several advantages and disadvantages of ER model. The conceptual design is easier to understand and is more close to the real life entities. Understanding an ER model is easier as it is more intuitive than any other form of database design. There are some disadvantages as well. If the physical database is modeled directly in line with ER model then there will be many issues like data redundancy. E.g: Each Household Member is part of a household and each household has its own set of attributes to identify itself. From the ER model given above, we can see that the Household information will be stored in the same entity record as Household Member. So there will be set of attributes that will repeat their value for all the members belonging to the same household. This will cause major integrity and consistency issues. Normalization Normalization is the process of decomposing entities into multiple related entities based on some dependency rules. The main objective is to reduce data redundancy as it can cause integrity and consistency issues. The normalized database is much more structured and easier to maintain compared to non-normalized database. E.g. In the example above, Household Member module is decomposed into two models: Household and Member where the attributes are divided logically and a relationship is added between Household and Member entities. Now the data redundancy for Household values will be removed. The basic advantage of normalization is a maintainable database design, reduced redundancy, better consistency and integrity of data. On the other hand, a special construct of Join needs to be used while querying the database for required results. If there are many decomposed tables with large quantity of data, this can cause some performance over heads. L03 Task 1 SDLC database methodology Dublin SDLC Plan Planning Phase: The main objective of this system will be to have robust storage of relevant data along with efficient retrieval and reporting schemes to assist in decision making. Data Security Data Integrity Data Retrieval Reporting MS access is to be used as the database and front end engine. For a small unit like Dublin City Housing, MS access provides ample functionality and is easy and cost effective to develop. Some basic reporting is also a part of it and that serves the purpose. analysis Phase: The following functional requirements are in place for this system: Management Housing Developments. This includes storage, retrieval, manipulation and deletion of data. Storage, Retrieval, Manipulation and Deletion of apartment related data. Management of Household Members (storage, retrieval, manipulation and deletion of data). Keeping track of household members movements from one apartment to another. Data requirements are not very complicated. Here are some of the considerations and requirements for data: Every apartment should be part of one housing development. It should be made sure that a household member is part on only one household, being part of multiple households will cause data integrity issues. Every household will occupy only one apartment at a given time. Date formats should be properly validated as incorrect formats will cause data consistency issues and will hamper filtering and reporting. Design Phase: 1. Conceptual Design: 2. Relational Schema Model: 3. Physical Design LO3 Task 2 [Database application (Forms, software application, tables etc) is submitted electronically] Queries are as follows: Query to get member and the apartment they are residing in: select member.*, apartment.* from members left join household on members.household_id = household.id left join apartments on apartments.id = household.apartment_id Query to get related apartments with one housing devlopment select * from apartments where housing_development_id = Query to see movement of household sorted by most recent movement first select mh.date_move, hh.name, from move_history mh left join household hh on hh.id = mh.household_id order by mh.date_move desc. LO3 Task 3 Suggestions The developed database system fulfills all functional requirements. Different entities can be managed easily through the forms developed. System will help decision makers to make effective decisions through analytical reporting. There are several enhancements and improvements that can be made in the system like extending it to handle rental payments for apartments, managing issues like civil works required. On the technical side, the system should be easily upgradable and extendible. It should be equipped to be able to take advantage from upgrades and improvements to core technologies, which in this case is MS access. LO3 Task 4 User Manual access information: To access particular table, click on its drop down, then find and click on table option. You will see all saved records as below: Create input forms In main menu, under Create, there is an option to create forms. You can look form in different views by just Right-clicking it. Layout view: Goto Layout view to format your form. You can apply a theme by accessing main menu Format after selecting Layout-view. Manipulate Data You can manipulate data at table-view and form-view by clicking on the field. Delete Information There are two ways to delete records. Select one/more records from table-view, right click and delete. add a new button to existing form, and sets its operation to delete. Whenever you want to delete a record, find your record by previous or next button and press DELETE. Bibliography 1. access Programmers, 2009. Management Benefits [online] available at: http://www.access-programmers.com/management-benefits.aspx [accessed 27 May 2015]. 2. alexis Mathews, 2005, Database Development Life Cycle. [online] available at: http://www.leon-leon.com/wp/2005/11/21/ddlc.html [accessed 27 May 2015]. 3. Healy, R.G., 1991 Database Management Systems. [e-book] available at: http://www.wiley.com/legacy/wileychi/gis/Volume1/BB1v1_ch18.pdf [accessed 27 May 2015].

Statement of Purpose Chemical Engineering Writing Assignment - 275 Words

Statement of Purpose Chemical Engineering Writing Assignment (Admission Essay Sample) Content: Statement of Purpose Chemical EngineeringOver the past one decade, the world has experienced a significant decline of the biodiversity which threaten the existence of the ecosystem. My professional goal is to acquire knowledge in chemical engineering to enable me to convert non-valuable materials such as waste products to reduce the dependency of biodiversity thus alleviating its decline.In my home country Cameroon, I was a member of the EcoSave club where we collected plastic waste from the landfills and sell them to a local recycling plant. However, during our activities, I realized that the plant did not have the capacity to recycle all the plastics in the local landfill. Additionally, some of the wastes such as e-waste and biodegradable wastes were not recycled at all. A major in chemical engineering will equip me with a broad range of competencies which would enable me to develop an innovative solution to various consequences of diversity such reduction of raw ma terials.A major in chemical engineering will expose me to different concepts of chemistry and mathematics which will enable me to utilize the waste products...

Pelycosaurs, Archosaurs, and Therapsids

Like archeologists discovering the ruins of a previously unknown civilization buried deep beneath an ancient city, dinosaur enthusiasts are sometimes astonished to learn that entirely different kinds of reptiles once ruled the earth, tens of millions of years before famous dinosaurs like Tyrannosaurus Rex, Velociraptor, and Stegosaurus. For approximately 120 million years—from the Carboniferous to the middle Triassic periods—terrestrial life was dominated by the pelycosaurs, archosaurs, and therapsids (the so-called mammal-like reptiles) that preceded the dinosaurs. Of course, before there could be archosaurs (much less full-blown dinosaurs), nature had to evolve the first true reptile. At the start of the Carboniferous period--the swampy, wet, vegetation-choked era during which the first peat bogs formed—the most common land creatures were prehistoric amphibians, themselves descended (by way of the earliest tetrapods) from the proverbial  prehistoric fish that flipped, flopped, and slithered their way out of oceans and lakes millions of years before. Because of their reliance on water, though, these amphibians couldnt stray far from the rivers, lakes, and oceans that kept them moist, and that provided a convenient place to lay their eggs. Based on the current evidence, the best candidate we know of for the first true reptile is Hylonomus, fossils of which have been found in sediments dating back 315 million years. Hylonomus—the name is Greek for forest dweller—may well have been the first tetrapod (four-footed animal) to lay eggs and have scaly skin, features that would have allowed it to venture farther from the bodies of water to which its amphibian ancestors were tethered. Theres no doubt that Hylonomus evolved from an amphibian species; in fact, scientists believe that the elevated oxygen levels of the Carboniferous period may have helped fuel the development of complex animals in general. The Rise of the Pelycosaurs Now came one of those catastrophic global events that cause some animal populations to prosper, and others to shrivel up and disappear. Toward the start of the  Permian period, about 300 million years ago, the earths climate gradually became hotter and drier. These conditions favored small reptiles like Hylonomus  and were detrimental to the amphibians that had previously dominated the planet. Because they were better at regulating their own body temperature, laid their eggs on land, and didnt need to stay close to bodies of water, the reptiles radiated—that is, evolved and differentiated to occupy various ecological niches. (The amphibians didnt go away—they’re still with us today, in dwindling numbers—but their time in the limelight was over.) One of the most important groups of evolved reptiles was the pelycosaurs (Greek for bowl lizards). These creatures appeared toward the end of the Carboniferous period, and persisted well into the Permian, dominating the continents for about 40 million years. By far the most famous pelycosaur (and one thats often mistaken for a dinosaur) was Dimetrodon, a large reptile with a prominent sail on its back (the main function of which may have been to soak up sunlight and maintain its owners internal temperature). The pelycosaurs made their livings in different ways: for example, Dimetrodon was a carnivore, while its similar-looking cousin Edaphosaurus was a plant-eater (and its entirely possible that one fed on the other). Its impossible to list all the genera of pelycosaurs here; suffice it to say that a lot of different varieties evolved over 40 million years. These reptiles are classified as synapsids, which are characterized by the presence of one hole in the skull behind each eye (technically speaking, all mammals are also synapsids). During the Permian period, synapsids coexisted with anapsids (reptiles lacking those all-important skull holes). Prehistoric anapsids also attained a striking degree of complexity, as exemplified by such large, ungainly creatures as Scutosaurus. (The only anapsid reptiles alive today are the Testudines—turtles, tortoises, and terrapins.) Meet the Therapsids—The Mammal-Like Reptiles The timing and sequence cant be pinned down precisely, but paleontologists believe that sometime during the early  Permian  period, a branch of pelycosaurs evolved into reptiles called therapsids (otherwise known as mammal-like reptiles). Therapsids were characterized by their more powerful jaws bearing sharper (and better differentiated) teeth, as well as their upright stances (that is, their legs were situated vertically beneath their bodies, compared to the sprawling, lizard-like posture of earlier synapsids). Once again, it took a catastrophic global event to separate the boys from the men (or, in this case, the pelycosaurs from the therapsids). By the end of the Permian period,  250 million years ago, over two-thirds of all land-dwelling animals went extinct, possibly because of a meteorite impact (of the same type that killed the dinosaurs 185 million years later). Among the survivors were various species of therapsids, which were free to radiate into the depopulated landscape of the early  Triassic  period. A good example is  Lystrosaurus, which evolutionary writer Richard Dawkins has called the Noah of the Permian/Triassic boundary: fossils of this 200-pound therapsid have been found all over the world. Here’s where things get weird. During the Permian period, the cynodonts (dog-toothed reptiles) that descended from the earliest therapsids developed some distinctly mammalian characteristics. Theres solid evidence that reptiles like  Cynognathus  and  Thrinaxodon  had fur, and they may also have had  warm-blooded metabolisms  and black, wet, dog-like noses. Cynognathus (Greek for dog jaw) may even have given birth to live young, which by almost any measure would make it much closer to a mammal than to a reptile! Sadly, the therapsids were doomed by the end of the Triassic period, muscled out of the scene by the archosaurs (of which more below), and then by the archosaurs immediate descendants, the  earliest dinosaurs. However, not all therapsids went extinct: a few small genera survived for tens of millions of years, scurrying unnoticed under the feet of lumbering dinosaurs and evolving into the first  prehistoric mammals  (of which the immediate predecessor may have been the small, quivering therapsid Tritylodon.) Enter the Archosaurs Another family of prehistoric reptile, called the  archosaurs, coexisted with the therapsids (as well as the other land reptiles that survived the Permian/Triassic extinction). These early diapsids—so-called because of the two, rather than one, holes in their skulls behind each eye socket—managed to out-compete the therapsids, for reasons that are still obscure. We do know that the teeth of archosaurs were more firmly set in their jaw sockets, which would have been an evolutionary advantage, and its possible that they were quicker to evolve upright, bipedal postures (Euparkeria, for example, may have been one of the first archosaurs capable of rearing up on its hind legs.) Toward the end of the Triassic period, the first archosaurs split off into the first primitive dinosaurs: small, quick, bipedal carnivores like  Eoraptor,  Herrerasaurus,  and  Staurikosaurus. The identity of the immediate progenitor of the dinosaurs is still a matter of debate, but one likely candidate is  Lagosuchus  (Greek for rabbit crocodile), a tiny, bipedal archosaur that possessed a number of distinctly dinosaur-like characteristics, and that sometimes goes by the name  Marasuchus. (Recently, paleontologists identified what may well be the earliest dinosaur descended from archosaurs, the 243-million-year-old  Nyasasaurus.) It would, however, be a very dinosaur-centric way of looking at things to write archosaurs out of the picture as soon as they evolved into the first theropods. The fact is that archosaurs went on to spawn two other mighty races of animals: the  prehistoric crocodiles  and the  pterosaurs, or flying reptiles. In fact, by all rights, we should be giving crocodiles precedence over dinosaurs, since these fierce reptiles are still with us today, whereas  Tyrannosaurus Rex,  Brachiosaurus,  and all the rest arent!

Alzheimer s Disease Symptoms, Probable Causes, And...

This paper reviews studies about Alzheimer’s disease, the symptoms, probable causes, and stages of the disease, duration, and its treatment options. It is intended to support readers engaging them with literature about the disease and a summation of available research findings and descriptive studies that include analysis of outcomes and cognitive training, rehabilitation and stimulation. Its primary goals are to find out whether the disease can be prevented or delayed. In addition to highlighting these different perspectives on the study of Alzheimer’s disease, this review highlights key findings from the research and suggests directions for continuing inquiry in this field. Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, symptoms, probable causes, cognitive training, cognitive rehabilitation and cognitive stimulation, stages of Alzheimer’s disease, duration of Alzheimer’s disease. COMBATTING ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE Over the years, the definition of the term â€Å"dementia† has broadened to include other mental diseases, such as Alzheimer’s. Although previous descriptions of dementia involve the onset of memory loss, the fourth edition of The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder (also known as DSMV-IV-TR) define dementia as â€Å"the development of multiple cognitive deficits (including memory impairment) that are due to the direct physiological effects of a general medical condition, to the persisting effects of a substance, to multiple etiologies† (e.g., the combined cerebrovascularShow MoreRelatedThe Disease Of Alzheimer s Disease1421 Words   |  6 Pagesengulfed by a mysterious disease. The neurons being cut off and destroyed by two abnormal structures. First memory is affected gradually getting worse. Then one is unable to think properly, reason, and lacks of self control. Gaps are formed in the brain s ventricles, due to the amount of dead tissue. In the end, it will lead to death. All of this may sound like something from a science fiction movie but infact its very real. These are all known possible symptoms of a common disease that affects aboutRead MoreThe Chronic Neurological Disease : Alzheimer s Disease1649 Words   |  7 PagesNeurological Disease: Alzheimer’s Hollie Haywood South Piedmont Community College Abstract Alzheimer’s disease has been around since 1901; a German psychiatrist Alois Alzheimer was the first man to identify and follow a case that is now known as Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s disease is involved in synaptic deterioration and neuronal cell death, and causes degeneration in the hippocampus and amyloid deposition in blood vessels, ultimately cell death is the cause of the disease. There areRead MoreAlzheimers Disease Essay2870 Words   |  12 PagesAlzheimers Disease Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a progressive degenerative disease of unknown aetiology, as first described by Alois Alzheimer (1907). According to Shoenberg et. al (1987), it is the commonest cause of dementia in the elderly with an incidence ranging from 2.5 to 5 per thousand. Furthermore, this incidence has grown in recent years as a result people generally livingRead MoreThe Mortality Of Alzheimer s Disease971 Words   |  4 Pagesunnoticed because their illness is not apparent to the naked eye. Alzheimer’s disease is one of many diseases that early on does not show any physical symptoms. On the other hand, Alzheimer’s disease will end in death. Below will define morbidity and mortality, describe Alzheimer’s disease, and present the rates of morbidity and mortality as they relate to Alzheimer’s disease. When someone is diagnosed with a disease, they usually first want to know what it is. The next things that are usually lookedRead MoreThe Role of Genetics In Alzheimer’s Disease Essay example3342 Words   |  14 Pagespeople with Alzheimer’s disease face daily. Alzheimer’s disease was first identified by German neurologist Alois Alzheimer in 1906, and was discovered to have an overpowering effect on explicit memory loss (Gruetzner, 1988). There are two types of Alzheimer’s disease – early onset and late onset. Early onset occurs in patients who are diagnosed before the age of 65 whereas late onset occurs in patients who are diagnosed after the age of 65. In the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease, short-term memoryRead MoreAlzheimer s Disease Is The Most Common Form Of Dementia1684 Words   |  7 PagesAlzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia, which slowly and steadily impairs the mental function and psychological comp etence. Even though there is no cure for Alzheimer’s, current treatment patterns and research aim to delay the progression towards dementia and the associated symptoms. The strongest risk factor for this disease is increased age, typically seen in individuals over the age of 65, but it must be noted that Alzheimer’s is not a normal part of the aging process. Alzheimer s diseaseRead MoreEssay on Alzheimers disease1966 Words   |  8 Pages Alzheimer’s Disease nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Alzheimer’s disease is a form of dementia, â€Å"a brain disorder that seriously affects a person’s ability to carry out daily activities (Shenk 14)†. Alzheimer’s is a progressive and irreversible brain disorder that slowly destroys a person’s memory and ability to learn, make judgments, communicate, and accomplish daily activities. As Alzheimer’s progresses, individuals may also experience changes in personality and behavior, such as anxiety, suspiciousnessRead MoreAlzheimer s Effects On The Brain1133 Words   |  5 PagesAlzheimer’s is a disease where neurotransmitters, acetylcholine, or the brain’s chemicals break connections with other nerve cells causing the cells to die off, the effects of this are irreversible. The loss of these cells result in loss of thinking and language skills, unpredictable behavioral changes and eventually the inability to carry out the simplest tasks. Although there is no known cause for Alzheimer’s, researchers have found a genetic link. Alzheimer’s first symptoms usually appear whenRead MoreAlzheimer s Disease : A Progressive And Neurodegenerative Form Of Dementia2437 Words   |  10 PagesAlzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a progressive and neurodegenerative form of dementia that causes problems with memory, thinking, reasoning, judgement and decision-making, recognizing, as well as behavior, and is serious enough to interfere with daily life and activities, that eventually leads to profound physical as well as mental disabilities, resulting in the need for institutional care (Hoyer Roodin, 2009). AD is most widespread in senior population aged 65 and over, which constitutes approximatelyRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Alzheimer s Disease1780 Words   |  8 PagesWhen you think of Alzheimer s disease, the first thing that comes to mind is memory loss. This is something that may affect a family member, a close friend, a coworker, or someone dear to our heart. Currently, there is no cure for it, yet due to extensive research, there are more treatment options for it. The available medications that have been approved by the FDA can possibly slow the progression of the disease, but it is a temporary benefit. Research is ongoing and recent developments in

Analysis Of The Book Last Child On The Woods By...

Technology throughout the past 30-40 years has become more advanced and accessible than ever. The television specifically has developed extremely since its beginning. What started off as a single camera caption, has developed into a full fledge worldwide availability. Within the United States, the TV is a normal everyday object common in households, hotels, schools, and even restaurants. There are approximately 118.4 million household in the United States that own a television set ( The Number of TV Households in the United States from season 2000-2001 to season 2016-2017 (in millions)).However, the increased amount of time spent watching TV has had a tremendous impact on people, especially kids. The differences in generations throughout the development of the TV has led to many questions, all revolving around whether or not the televisions has had a good or negative impact pertaining to children. Time spent watching television affects the brain, ability to learn, and skill levels in different areas (source. In the book â€Å"Last Child in The Woods,† Richard Louv discusses how children in the 1940’s would watch out the window at the scenery and have conversations, while children now sit and watch a movie on a flip-down video screen without knowledge to the outside world (Louv 16-17). When the television set first came out fully around the 1930’s, it only offered a few shows; a child’s program, sports, news, and comedy. Families that could afford a TV set could watch shows,Show MoreRelatedHow Technology Affects Our Connection And Relationship With Nature1011 Words   |  5 Pagesour perception of the world? Richard Louv, in an excerpt from Last Child in the Woods, argues these questions and warns us how technology may be separating people and nature. Through a series of rhetorical strategies, Louv attempts to convince the audience that technology may be desensitizing us from a vital part of human development. The book is clearly written with the general american public in mind. This is evident in his tone, diction, syntax, and allusions. Louv uses a basic, conversationalRead MoreTechnological Advancements Have Created New Opportunities For Individuals, Organizations And Societies1567 Words   |  7 PagesAlmost all aspects of human life are affected by computers. The over-dependence of the use of computers by individuals and societies in the contemporary society can be manifested in a number of aspects. Firstly, the performance of computations and analysis of information that could be done manually in the traditional society has been rendered a thing of the past. Today, people use scientific calculators and other computer enabled devices to perform even the simple arithmetic problems that used to beRead MoreAn Internship As A Student Instructor At Sprout Up1588 Words   |  7 Pagesinstructors an hour before the lesson starts, as well as a debrief with our lead instructor after the lesson ends. Our procedure often started with an introduction called â€Å"Awaken Enthusiasm†, where we asked the kids to have a review on what we learned last week and then asked them questions about our lesson this week, such as â€Å"Has anyone ever experienced†¦Ã¢â‚¬  or â€Å"Does anyone want to share†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . After that, we would break u p into our natural teams and had discussion. The teacher of the class had divided theRead MoreAnalyzing And Comprehend Works Of Literature And Math1719 Words   |  7 PagesInstead, my writing abilities fluctuated up and down like a roller coaster cart going up and down the hills. At the end of the first quarter, I had slowly improved my abilities in writing rhetorical analyses. In the last rhetorical essay of the quarter (Last Child in the Woods by Richard Louv), I was able to recognize and express the rhetorical devices that I found in the article. My explanation for the author’s purpose for a rhetorical device was clear and well worded as shown in the following sentence

Electronic Medical Record Essay - 1776 Words

An electronic medical record [EMR] is a â€Å"computerised record that maintains patients’ health-related data, which is available to be used and accessed, only by authorised personnel, in order to deliver healthcare services within the health organisation† (Hasanain, Vallmuur Clark, 2014, p. 1). From patient record keeping to administrative reporting and clinical support tools, the extensive functionality of an EMR solution has the potential to fundamentally transform how healthcare services are provided by the hospital (Goo, Huang Koo, 2015). EMRs have been available worldwide for some time and are implemented into hospitals because of the expected benefits such as increased delivery of patient care, improved access to patient†¦show more content†¦Previous research on EMR implementation has identified that EMR implementation is most likely to fail due to user rejection, so it is important to recognize the thoughts and beliefs that doctors, nurses and other health professionals may have to be able to anticipate whether they will accept or reject the new EMR (Goo et al., 2015). Clearly, EMR technology exists, but even with the best technology success is not guaranteed. The challenge is the implementation, and understanding the reluctance of change amongst users is critical for developing adoption strategies (Khalifa, 2013). The complexity and usability of the system greatly impacts user acceptance. The more accurate and timely that data can be entered into the system, the more beneficial the system will be (Struik et al., 2014). If the system is poorly designed or if there is a lack of technical support and training, clinical workflow may become more time-consuming creating resistance from clinicians (Goo etShow MoreRelatedElectronic Medical Records Essay1856 Words   |  8 PagesElectronic Medical Records or Computerized Medical Record System what is it and what are the advantages along with the disadvantages of using this system? That is what we will discuss in this paper. Electronic Medical Records (EMR) is a computerized database that stores all of the personal and medical information of the patient’s care and billing information by the health care providers. Today, only the providers and medical practices can implement these systems. Also there are neither known nationalRead MoreElectronic Medical Records Systems Essay1270 Words   |  6 PagesElectronic Medical Records systems lie at the center of any computerized health information system, without them other modern technologies, such as decision support systems cannot be effectively integrated into routine clinical workflow. The paperless, inter-operable, multi-provider, multi-specialty, multi-discipline computer medical record, which has been a goal for many researchers, healthcare professionals, administrators, and politicians for the past 20+ years is however about to become a realityRead MoreEssay on Privacy Concerns With Electronic Medical Records1908 Words   |  8 PagesAge, medic al records were all stored in folders in secure filing cabinets at doctor’s offices, hospitals, or health departments. The information within the folders was confidential, and shared solely amongst the patient and physician. Today these files are fragmented across multiple treatment sites due to the branching out of specialty centers such as urgent care centers, magnetic resonance imaging, outpatient surgical centers, and other diagnostic centers. Today’s ability to store medical recordsRead MoreAre Electronic Medical Records a Cure for Health Care? Essays1344 Words   |  6 Pagesensure that individuals can receive the proper medical attention, and has made healthcare affordable for American that are not able to pay out of pocket for services provided. This action by the government has caused a surplus in patients seen by healthcare providers, which in return has increase the paperwork associated with business practices. As a result, providers are implementing system s such as Electronic Medical Records to ensure that patient records are accurate and accessible for multiple providersRead MoreEssay on Electronic Medical Record Implementation: Costs and Benefits3414 Words   |  14 PagesElectronic Medical Record Implementation: Costs and Benefits Sheryl L. Venola Assignment 3 (24 July 2011) NURS 517 Intro to Health Care Financing Saint Xavier University Professor: Dr. Roger Green, DNP, MSN, BSN Abstract This paper discusses the adoption of an electronic medical record system purchased by Howard Regional Health System in Kokomo, Indiana; the rationale behind its timing and choice in expenditure; the ramifications of notRead MoreAre Electronic Medical Records a Cure for Health Care? Essay2820 Words   |  12 PagesAre Electronic Medical Records a Cure for Health Care? MGT 5014 – Information Systems Dr. Bourgeois Summary â€Å"The information contained in the medical record allows health care providers to determine the patients medical history and provide informed care. The medical record serves as the central repository for planning patient care and documenting communication among patient and health care provider and professionals contributing to the patients care (Medical Records, 2012).† Medical informationRead MoreElectronic Medical Records a Cure for Health Care Case Study Essay857 Words   |  4 Pagescase is medical record keeping. About 12 percent of healthcare spending goes towards medical recordkeeping. Medical records have been kept in files and folders, which causes difficulty in accessing and sharing information. This problem could be maintained with electronic medical systems. 2.) What people organization and technology factors are responsible for the difficulties in building electronic medical record systems? Explain your answer. Building an electronic medical record (EMR)Read MoreElectronic Medical Records (Emr) Project` Essay1615 Words   |  7 PagesRunning Head: ELECTRONIC MEDICAL RECORDS (EMR) PROJECT` Patton-Fuller Community Hospital Electronic Medical Records (EMR) Project CMGT/410 University of Phoenix Table of Contents Electronic Medical Records (EMR) Project 3 Background 3 Statement of Need 3 Objectives 3 Mission and Goals of Project 3 Tasks 4 Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) 5 Critical Path Method (CPM) 6 Performance Measurement 8 Project Plan 8 References 10 Table of Figures Figure 1: Level One 5 FigureRead More Electronic Medical Records and Charting Essay examples2182 Words   |  9 PagesElectronic Medical Records and Charting Today’s healthcare is changing, and more hospitals are commencing to go paperless using computers for both medical records and charting. Computers are widely accepted, in personal and professional settings. It is an essential requirement for computer literacy. Numerous advances in technology during the past decade require that nurses not only be knowledgeable in nursing skills but also to become educated in computer technology. While electronic medical recordsRead MoreManagement Plan for Security and Privacy Essay1267 Words   |  6 Pages I have chosen scenario 2 for the natural disaster on the Gulf Coast. Though my patient files were destroyed from the hurricane, I am still responsible for having a system in place to secure patient information. Upon completion of reading this essay, one will discover that disaster recovery plan will state how operations will be conducted in an emergency, which workforce members are responsible for carrying out said operations, how data will be moved and retrieved without violating HIPAA standards

Social Media Marketing Activities Enhance

Question: Discuss about the Social Media Marketing Activities Enhance. Answer: Introduction The report consists of social media marketing strategy of Multicultural Disability Advocacy Association (MDAA). The company views diversity and culture in the eyes of diversity. MDAA acknowledges different funding methods that are being provided by Australian government. The social media marketing strategy has a particular goal in order to provide assistance in the case of finance for the activities. The strategy will highlight the partnership relations of MDAA. The most important part of the social media marketing is to increase the image of the brand among different parts of Australia. Recommendations are to be formulated in order to improve the existing marketing strategies of the company. However, MDAA on following the recommended social media marketing will be able to accomplish their goals. Preparation and planning of social media strategies Along with traditional marketing channels, digital media in the field of promotion is equally important from the other forms of media. There are certain goals that are to be accomplished while increasing the brand awareness of the company in the commercial sector. The motto of the company is to help the company in assisting the disability service across the area of New South Wales. The strategies will help in growing cultural competency. It will help the company in responding towards the ethnic diversity (Berthon et al. 2012). The aim of the strategy is to spread the message and vision of the company to the local community as well as to the commercial sector. MDAA on pitching the social media marketing strategies towards the stakeholders has a set of goals and planning of the activities in the world of internet. Views of the stakeholders are important while formulating any strategies of different operational department of the company. The social media pitch contains the detailed desc ription of the stakeholders as well as the consumers of the company. It will help in enriching the quality of the marketing pitch for the company while formulating effective strategies in the field of social media marketing (Kumar et al. 2013). As the company is putting emphasis on the cultural diversity of the country, hence the statistics of the language of the people spoken in Australia is necessary to mention in the pitch. The stakeholders of the company comprises of local community, consumers, state government and broader commercial sector. The language statistics help in highlighting the diverse and cultural aspect of the communities of New South Wales. The degree of retaining the language in terms of different nationalities and ethnic groups of the country is utilized by the strategy formulated for MDAA. The reasons of choosing the community, consumer, and commercial sector are related to the different forms of marketing. Consumer is related to the word of mouth. Community is targeted to reach the NESB community (Hays et al. 2013). Commercial sector is interrelated with helping and growing more awareness in terms of the company. The different channels of social media websites used are Facebook, Email marketing, You T ube, Twitter, We Chat, etc. There are certain percentages that are targeted in the channels used by companies. The percentages are website (90%), Facebook (97%), You Tube (45%), Twitter (75%), Emails (88%) and We Chat that is in the growth phase. The action plan of the company will be described in the following paragraph (Kim and Ko 2012). Strategies and communication Digital media is considered as the strongest channels in the arsenal of marketing of the company. The strategies if they are utilized properly then they can create a connection with the potential customers. Driving social media plan without a proper goal is like shooting a gun without any point of target. It can lead to a disaster in the PR campaign for the company. MDAA is trying to achieve the above mentioned goals and vision for the marketing strategies. The company should follow few steps in order to make a successful digital campaign while accomplishing the marketing goals. The steps should be described in the following paragraph of recommendations (Solomon 2014). Here the action plan for the social media websites along with the expenses will be analyzed in a detailed way. In order to formulate the strategies, there are some established and predefined goals set by the company. The goals include focusing on limited channels of social media websites, creating a calendar, solving t he issues while responding to every followers of the website. The goals are to be accomplished by following 4-1-1 rule. The rule illustrated that for each promotional post, there must be four entertaining and educational post supporting each category of promotions posted in the social media websites (Aral et al. 2013). The digital marketing of MDAA will not only consist of formulating different pages on social media websites but also on opening new website and enlist in Google for Google Ad campaign. in the social media pitch, it is described that creation of the website design of MDAA will cost approximately $3000 to $5000. The web pages of the company will cost $1000 for online marketing. Apart from that, many staffs are recruited for the digital media campaign of MDAA such as digital marketing executive, SNS marketing manager, content writer, graphic designer, video creator, who will indulge themselves in the success of the campaign (Tuten and Solomon 2014). Recommendations MDAA has formulated the social media marketing pitch with all the required aspects added into it. However, the objectives set for the digital marketing can be categorized into SMART objectives. SMART objectives refer to Specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time bound. Once the objectives are formulated to the framework of SMART objectives, then it will yield to the desired results. It will help in quantifying the progress and analyzing the objectives of the implemented strategies by the digital marketing managers (Hennig-Thurau et al. 2013). However, it will help to point out the problems that may occur in the process of implementing the strategies in the practical field. Another aspect of the objectives is looking at the competition and characterization of the customers. Characterization of the customers illustrates the distinction of target customers based on the demographic segmentation and psychographic segmentation. It is very important to characterize and differentiate the customers so that the digital marketing managers can identify the latent demands and needs of the customers. The company will keep the track the activities of the competitor companies in the digital media. New innovative content and promotional techniques are to be added in the website of the company (Trainor et al. 2014). Tracking the messages of the followers will help the digital marketing managers while developing the trending content of the website along with solving their queries of the followers. Developing customized content for the followers is considered as a step that will lead to converting them into potential customers. Conclusion The report is focused on the social media marketing strategy that MDAA would implement in order to increase their brand awareness in their target market. Apart from that, the consent of the target customers of New South Wales is taken into consideration while formulated the social media marketing pitch for the company. They are the stakeholders of the company. Target customers are equally important like that of the state government, the owner of the company and the shareholders. Recommendations are formulated based on the staffs associated to the digital campaign of the company that will lead to positive results of conversion of followers into potential customers. The motive of the company will be accomplished if the strategies of social media marketing are to be implemented in a perfect manner by keeping track of the requirement of the followers of the page. References Aral, S., Dellarocas, C. and Godes, D., 2013. Introduction to the special issue-social media and business transformation: A framework for research.Information Systems Research,24(1), pp.3-13. Berthon, P.R., Pitt, L.F., Plangger, K. and Shapiro, D., 2012. Marketing meets Web 2.0, social media, and creative consumers: Implications for international marketing strategy.Business horizons,55(3), pp.261-271. Evans, D., 2012.Social media marketing: An hour a day. John Wiley Sons. Hays, S., Page, S.J. and Buhalis, D., 2013. Social media as a destination marketing tool: its use by national tourism organisations.Current issues in Tourism,16(3), pp.211-239. Hennig-Thurau, T., Hofacker, C.F. and Bloching, B., 2013. Marketing the pinball way: understanding how social media change the generation of value for consumers and companies.Journal of Interactive Marketing,27(4), pp.237-241. Kim, A.J. and Ko, E., 2012. Do social media marketing activities enhance customer equity? An empirical study of luxury fashion brand.Journal of Business Research,65(10), pp.1480-1486. Kumar, V., Bhaskaran, V., Mirchandani, R. and Shah, M., 2013. Practice prize winner-creating a measurable social media marketing strategy: increasing the value and ROI of intangibles and tangibles for hokey pokey.Marketing Science,32(2), pp.194-212. Solomon, M.R., 2014.Consumer behavior: Buying, having, and being. Engelwood Cliffs, NJ: prentice Hall. Trainor, K.J., Andzulis, J.M., Rapp, A. and Agnihotri, R., 2014. Social media technology usage and customer relationship performance: A capabilities-based examination of social CRM.Journal of Business Research,67(6), pp.1201-1208. Tuten, T.L. and Solomon, M.R., 2014.Social media marketing. Sage.

Gods Purpose for My Life free essay sample

To truly understand one’s purpose in life he must look at the talents God has given to him in a particular field of study and comprehend how that occupation can be used to the glorification of God. The collection of this information isn’t always easy and usually requires a myriad of â€Å"talks† with God in the form of daily Bible reading and prayer. I like to think God has given me a great mind for physiology and due to my interest in physiology and willingness to help those who need it I believe that God has called me to the medical profession. Much of my childhood I was exposed to natural medicines and I believe that God pre-ordained me to be placed in such an environment so I could use the information I’ve accumulated to get a head start and peak my interest in the field of medicine. We will write a custom essay sample on Gods Purpose for My Life or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In high school I worked at a natural alternative medicine store and it filled me joy every time I could recommend a product with no side effects to a sick customer. While working in that store it was amazing feeling to see how grateful people were to get a product that would relieve their ailments while not having to worry about any side effects. The way natural medicine is looked down on is the main problem with the medical profession, most medical professionals say that there is no real evidence that natural medicine is an effective form of treatment. I disagree and contend that considering God’s hatred of seeing his creatures suffer God would not have placed us on this world without a way to care for ourselves naturally. Since so much money and time goes into becoming certified in the medical profession the monetary income is very important as well. Although I enjoy helping people with their medical needs foremost I also volunteer for food drives and housing projects to help others with their physical needs, if a person could not land a job suited to help other people while making enough income to live off of a hobby in volunteering would suffice well enough. The idea of study or travelling abroad is very enticing to me because I have always been interested in and wanted to experience other cultures. Since the world is in such a state of despair it would be my greatest aspiration to become registered and take my medical practice to other countries where such treatment is not readily available all the while witnessing to the lost so that they might have the hope and peace that my Savior provides for me. To uproot from the American society and embrace a culture in which the people are incredibly thankful for what we see as the insignificant things. God has given me two incredible, and loving parents who are both grounded in natural medicine so it was easy for me pick up on and because my interest in medicine began. I have not totally figured out what profession in the medical field I desire whether doctor, dentist, or pharmacist but I know God will lead me on the right path if I leave it in his hands. Since I was young I have always been a taller and more muscular than most of my friends so I always thought I would have a physically demanding job because it is all I really knew up until high school. This is all just speculation on my part but I feel like that is where God is calling me, to be completely sure will require much more prayer and meditation. Whatever God’s plan for my life is I know I will be able to thrive in it with God’s help, and I will willingly accept.

Luther and Kant Visions of Freedom free essay sample

A study into the works of Luther King (Preface to the Epistle of St. Paul to the Romans) and Immanuel Kant (An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?) and the issue of freedom. The paper shows that Martin Luther, in his Preface to the Epistle of St. Paul to the Romans claims that people are free when their actions naturally mimic laws and morality to such an extent that those laws are rendered unnecessary. The paper then shows the opposite view of Immanuel Kant, in his An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment? : Freedom for Kant is the ability to wield ones reasoning without restraint in public. The paper explores how a close reading of these two texts reveals that Kants and Luthers views on freedom are actually more similar than different, in fact they are mutually exclusive and Kants views can even be read as a rephrasing of Luthers views. We will write a custom essay sample on Luther and Kant: Visions of Freedom or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Let us analyze these two passages. Luther advances no opportunity for anyone even learned men to question the law. Indeed, Luthers version of freedom is counterintuitive to our thinking or at least to Kants thinking in that freedom is precisely that which restrains. The moment we contradict the law either in speech or action, we are not acting with freedom. Freedom for Luther is naturally conforming to laws that do not even need to exist. Perhaps the analogy of a child riding his bike with training wheels but without ever touching the training wheels to the ground ` without ever needing the training wheels. Similarly, Luthers version of free people do not need any laws. Rather, they naturally conform to what the laws are, should have been, or would be.`

Using a High School Scholarship Essay Sample

Using a High School Scholarship Essay SampleA high school scholarship essay sample is a great tool for high school students to practice and to use when writing their own essay. This guide will explain the process of how to use this guide, so that you can begin working on your own personal essay. Once you have this guide in place, then you will be able to write a high school scholarship essay for next year.The first thing that you want to do when using the high school scholarship essay sample is to start with a blank page. Try to make sure that you get a blank white page and that you don't get any highlighting or anything else on the page. The reason why you want to avoid highlighting on the page is because it will make the paper harder to read. If you do decide to highlight the page though, you need to make sure that you are highlighting just the important parts of the paper.Next, you want to outline the basic fact about the topic that you want to write about. You don't want to overs tate any facts that you have just to make it appear more dramatic. What you want to do is simply get the basics of the topic down. This may take a little bit of time, but when you are done with it, your information will be much clearer. When it is much clearer, it will be easier for you to write.When you are doing your college scholarship essay, you want to have all of your facts and your ideas in front of you at all times. By outlining your topic first, you will be able to stay organized with your ideas and what you want to talk about. You also want to keep your ideas in mind while you are writing your essay, as this is the best way to make sure that everything flows well.When writing your college scholarship essay, you want to make sure that you know what you want to say before you begin. It is important that you know what your purpose is, what your reason is for wanting to get into college and what you are looking for out of the college experience. Your reason for going to colleg e will help you achieve it, and you want to make sure that you understand what it is that you are trying to achieve.One of the main keys when it comes to writing a high school scholarship essay is going to be grammar. You want to make sure that you follow all of the rules of proper grammar and that you do not skip over the rules. Even if it means that you will have to find a little bit of extra time to practice, it is going to help to make sure that you are able to get through college and that you are able to get the work done.When you are preparing to write your college scholarship essay, there are some things that you want to take care of. The most important part of this part of the process is to make sure that you get enough sleep at night. This is because it will allow you to function the way that you need to when you are studying for the assignment that you have to do. This is another key thing that you want to make sure that you follow.After you have done all of these things, then you are going to be ready to use the high school scholarship essay sample that you have in front of you. You are going to be able to write an essay that is rich in content, that is grammatically correct and that is going to look perfect on the printed page.

Health policy as it relates to a health care program

Health policy as it relates to a health care program Abstract Survival in the health care world requires an informed person. Healthcare providers, administrators and patients are affected by decisions and health policies made on health care programs. Healthcare policies are closely tied with politics of United States where decisions are made to affect the entire population.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Health policy as it relates to a health care program specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Health policies are as a result of decisions made by many people in hospitals, the government, insurance industry, and some business corporations. Health care policies affect the effectiveness of service delivery in current health care programs. This paper seeks to highlight the influence of health policy on the development, operation, design, and effectiveness as it relates to the effectiveness of health care delivery systems of health care program. Introduction Health care programs offer the primary means of getting access to health care in the United States today. Designing of health care programs like Medicare and Medicaid involves extensive interactions among health insurers, health care providers, individuals, public and private sectors, and the government. Proposals in health coverage in general focus on their policy impact. Majority of proposals give only sketchy information about management. In addition, administrative costs stand for only a diminutive part of the total costs of a proposal (Darr Longest, 2008). Nevertheless, when matters of implementation are not addressed, expensive policies or programs fail to achieve their objectives. Health care policies affect the management and administrative issues, and this affects the effectiveness of health care programs (Morone, Litman, Robins, 2008). An important goal of health care programs is expanding access to inexpensive, high-quality health care (NAPA-NASI, 2009). This goal is met when heal th care policies provide a supportive environment. Health care policies affect planning, coordinating and implementation of healthcare programs.Advertising Looking for research paper on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It also affects the process of regulating health insurance, streamlining health care program markets, and the process of designing managerial organizations for health reform (Morone, Litman, Robins, 2008). Health care system in United States The three major issues facing the health care system of United States are access, cost, and quality. Improved access may quickly become expensive without slowing the increase of costs and without increasing the quality of health care (NAPA-NASI, 2009). Improvements quality and cost are consecutively likely to necessitate changes in the process of delivering health care. Financial access in health care is an important issue in United States; d ifferent financing models may have different implications on control of costs and performance improvement of the health care delivery system like Medicare and Medicaid (Angeles, 2009). The relationship between service delivery in health coverage and containing health costs is of utmost importance. Committed public administrators can make any health program to work on the ground. However policy makers can make the administrators’ task to be easy by considering administrative issues when creating proposals and legislations (NAPA-NASI, 2009). This is an important factor in creation of a successful health program. Administrative issues can either be specific to certain plans, or apply to a wide range of programs. The establishment of Medicare program in 1965 and the implementation of latest health care reforms experiences, gives some common lessons in planning for service delivery of health programs (Merlis, 2003). A case study of Medicare Medicare was signed into law in1965 by P resident Lyndon Johnson, and began offering benefits less than a year later in 1966. The program offered health care coverage to approximately nineteen million elderly people in US. Of the nineteen million, only half had previously had some form of health insurance. Medicaid, a joint federal-state program of medical assistance for poor people was also created. Medicaid created some significant alterations to disability benefits and social security retirement (NAPA-NASI, 2009).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Health policy as it relates to a health care program specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The beginning of Medicare offers good instance of impact of health policy on healthcare programs. Implementation of Medicare had started earlier before the legislation was passed. Congressional leaders and administration had discussed the part of Medicare dealing with hospital insurance during the early 1960s. The prov isions of health insurance had been refined to assist administration. The program was supposed to begin in midsummer when hospital occupancy was low. Nursing homes coverage was supposed to start six months after hospital benefits to separate the two. A proposal to give beneficiaries a choice of benefit packages was rejected following its administrative complication (NAPA-NASI, 2009). Some aspects of legislation and health policies simplified the implementation of Medicare. An important policy aspect of Medicare was that it was a fully federal program that did not depend on the different interests and administrative capabilities of the states. It is important to note that there was a political agreement was not meant to reform delivery of, or payment for, health care. There was an agreement from the beginning of discussions that Medicare was to be administered by the Social Security Administration. This policy allowed the program to experience a tremendous success at the beginning. S ocial Security Administration had put in place a network of field offices for taking care of Medicare beneficiaries. The administration was supportive of the new program and was willing to take some chances to ensure its success (NAPA-NASI, 2009). The government of the day contributed a lot in designing of health policies. The federal government understood that Medicare was a main concern for the presidency of Johnson. The General Services Administration and the Civil Service Commission cooperated with Social Security to ensure the success of the program. The Social Security agency received additional funding, new staff and its training and new field offices. Social Security Administration devoted a small team to run Medicaid as compared to Medicare. In addition, its design and implementation was largely left to the states. The agency was left to implement and run the program without interference from the office of the president (Baucus, 2008).Advertising Looking for research paper on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The only notable major instance where the office of the president got involved was a few weeks before the launching of the program. The president was concerned about the likelihood of certain hospitals to be overwhelmed by a flood of newly insured elderly people. A system that was to track hospital occupancy rates was created to take care of this issue. The veterans and military hospitals were placed on standby, and plans were established to transport people. Eventually, capacity of hospitals proved more than enough to accommodate more people than it was anticipated (Darr Longest, 2008). The Social Security Administration developed consensus over policies via various informal task forces and working groups instead of depending on the formal federal rulemaking process. Proposed policies were presented to â€Å"the Health Insurance Benefits Advisory Council† after far-reaching staff work and discussions with all stakeholders. The agency took the council’s advice, althou gh it was not a requirement. Rather than in final regulations, policies were integrated in the conditions of participation for health care providers. In this regard, hospitals were required desegregate. Hospitals were required to comply with the Civil Rights Act by the federal officials (Ebeler, Van de Water, Dem, 2006). Policies were also designed to provide a tight time frame for the magnitude of the task. This facilitated implementation of Medicare in timely fashion due to the sense of urgency. The administration of Social Security was motivated to boost its morale. Offices were opened on evenings and weekends to allow more applicants into the program. The program also gained considerable support from advocacy groups and aging organizations. After enactment of the program, a lot of cooperation was obtained from all stakeholders (Etheredge, 2009). Regulation of health care programs and health insurance Health care programs have similar regulatory issues as other forms of insuranc e. The person covered under the healthcare program requires the program to provide a contract that meets realistic expectations about coverage. The individual also requires the health insurer to explain the nature of the cover being offered. As agreed in the health insurance policy, the individual requires his/her claims to be paid promptly and fairly. Before enrolling people into health care programs, the risks are assessed before the cover is granted. In ordinary health insurance programs, the insurer assesses the risks and may decide to decline the cover depending on risks (Hacker, 2007). Health insurance covers have had cases of fraud in marketing and claiming process. The government through state authorities has regulated the issuance of health insurance covers to protect the consumers. The federal government has also become more involved in financing and insurance of health care. Since the launch of healthcare programs, the authority of the states to control and regulate healt h insurance has been well established (Jost, 2009). The Supreme Court decided to put the health insurers under the federal control in 1945. The McCarran-Ferguson Act which enables the states to control insurance business was passed by the Congress. In each state, the insurance industry is regulated by a division of insurance or similar agency. The National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) controls and coordinates the regulation of multistate health insurance agencies. The model laws and regulations of NAIC usually act as the foundation for state policies. It also brings some degree of consistency to regulation of health insurance. Some premium taxes are imposed by the states on health insurers as a source of income (Hacker, 2009). The original emphasis of health insurance regulation was making sure that the financial accountability of insurers to pay claims was met. The federal bankruptcy code excludes insurers from its coverage and leaves the issue of assuring the solv ency of the insurer to the states. States have designed the process of managing insolvent health insurers and take care of their financial responsibilities. Traditional concerns of regulations are getting rid of deceptive advertising and marketing, follow-ups of consumer feedbacks, and review of health insurance policies (Monheit Cantor, 2004). Health insurers are faced with challenges when covering small groups since they pose threats of adverse selection. Small groups and individuals are sometimes denied the cover, have their covers cancelled or not renewed. High risk groups are sometimes given long waiting periods. Administrative activities, marketing and other expenses increase the cost associated with small groups and individual health insurance policies as compared to large groups (Van de Water Nathan, 2011). The state started to enact reforms of health insurance market associated wit small groups in 1990. Major changes included guaranteed issue and renewal of policies regar dless of health status of individuals. Restrictions on exclusions of existing health conditions were done to limit the difference in premiums. State regulators have to review premium schedules and insurance policies to ensure that they are in compliance and to limit on rates (Monheit Cantor, 2004). A few years ago, the states took deregulatory measures to assist the spread of high deductible health insurance plans. In 2003, the Medicare Modernization Act approved tax subsidies for health savings accounts (HSAs) amid highly deductible health plans. The law did not obstruct any state insurance guideline. However, the states provided that the tax subsidies for HSAs would be accessible only in states that allowed high deductible plans (NAPA-NASI, 2009). Regulation of insurance has been a responsibility of the states for a long time. However, the roles of the federal government have grown in recent past. Federal regulation is primarily carried out through the income tax system, the Medi care and the Medicaid programs. The initial administrative rulings that employee contributions to health insurance plans sponsored by the employer are not taxable to both were confirmed by the Internal Revenue Code of 1954. The tax subsidy has been conditioned on different legislation requirements although IRS gives little omission and has by and large been slow to create implementing policy or impose tax punishments for infringements. For instance, nondiscrimination provisions of the tax code forbid employers who are self insured from giving better tax favored health coverage to employees who are highly paid (NAPA-NASI, 2009). Presently, Medicare and Medicaid cover approximately a quarter of US citizens, and a third of health care expenses. The rules that regulate the coverage and payments for these programs constitute an important form of federal regulatory activity (Angeles, 2009). The result of failure to comply with the policies of the program is denial of program eligibility o r payment. In addition submitting inaccurate claims can results to civil or criminal penalties. Medicare is the largest purchaser and regulator of health care in the United States. This enables the program to exert a significant influence on the rest of the health care system (Ebeler, Van de Water, Dem, 2006). Public programs and private insurers have widely adopted the coverage policies and the payment system of Medicare. Majority of private health insurers follow Medicare’s lead in approval and adoption of new medical technologies. New payment mechanisms used by Medicare have been widely adopted by the private sector. For instance, the private sector has adopted the prospective payment system for hospitals and fee schedule for medical practitioners (Baucus, 2008). Medicare influences the way health care is provided through its participation conditions for hospitals and health plans. In addition, Medicare influences administrative procedures including reporting requirements and review practices of claims. State regulations that conflict with requirements of Medicare are generally preempted by the federal government. In this category are state regulations of private health plans that contribute in Medicare. States have the power to license and control the insurance agents and brokers dealing with private plans for healthcare. However, the states cannot control the organizations that provide the plans. On the contrary, federal requirements for Medicaid managed care organizations cannot prevent more strict state standards (Angeles, 2009). The responsibility of private health plans in Medicare was expanded by the Modernization Act of 2003. The act also broadened the federal preemption of state control of these plans. The Medicare Improvements for Patients and Providers Act of 2008 prohibits certain sales and marketing processes under Medicare Advantage plans and Prescription Drug Plans. According to state regulators, the present federal control structure for Medicare private does not sufficiently protect consumers. The state regulators have called for authority to impose state laws on marketing methods of insurers that sponsor them (NAPA-NASI, 2009). Medigap plans are the private plans offered to those already covered by Medicare to cover expenses that are not covered by Medicare. This plan is regulated by both state and federal government. A regulation model has been established as required by the federal law to include a standardized benefit strategy and marketing standards for all Medigap plans. The model has been incorporated in federal guidelines by the centers for Medicaid and Medicare services. States that are using the Medigap standards imposed by the federal law enforce them against the plans. In some cases, more strict standards are imposed by the states (NAPA-NASI, 2009). Payment responsibilities of medical services covered by both Medicare and other health insurance are governed by the federal law. Laws making payment by Medicare secondary to payment by health insurance plans sponsored by employers have been passed by the Congress. An excise duty is imposed for operating a health plan that goes against the regulations (Gluck Reno, 2001). The Employer Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA) has the most important limitations of the federal government on regulation of health insurance by the state. The act takes over from the most state regulations applicable to health plans based on employment and subject to the federal law. However, the act does not apply to church or governmental sponsored plans. The implication is that the act’s preemption of state rules allows multistate employers to provide health benefits on a national basis. This is done without having to adapt their plans to specific state in which they function. Employers can steer clear of any state rule or taxation of its health plan if it assumes the plan’s financial risk and does not buy a cover for the funding of benefits. Particularly, it gets rid of state authorized benefits (NAPA-NASI, 2009). Initially When ERISA was enacted it covered mostly the pension plans and enforced no regulations on health insurance based on employment. The Congress then modified the act by adding comparatively few requirements. ERISA prevents the state regulation, but does not enforce much in the way of substantive regulation. This structure implies that self-funded employers have operated in a regulatory vacuum that is unreal. In order to provide continuance in some cases of employer-sponsored coverage that would otherwise be stopped, ERISA was amended by the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (COBRA) in 1985. The amendment required that employer with over twenty employees and who offer employers’ sponsored insurance covers to continue providing health insurance temporarily to employees who have lost coverage or stopped employment. In most cases, compliance with COBRA is impelled by the effort s of the Department of Labor and the risk of lawsuits posed by participants under ERISA (Darr Longest, 2008). To prohibit discrimination by employment-based group health plans in enrollment, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) was enacted in 1996. HIPAA curbs discrimination on the basis of health status. The act also limits the elimination of coverage for pre-existing health conditions and requires special enrollment in case of occurrence of such events. Without limiting the charges, HIPAA requires health insurers to avail and renew health coverage for small employers. Except under limited circumstances, health insurers operating in the individual market are also required by the act to guarantee restitution of coverage (Ebeler, Van de Water, Dem, 2006). Administrative responsibility is isolated in that the requirements of HIPAA are enforced under ERISA for employer-sponsored group health plans. As far as COBRA is concerned, the Department of the Treasur y has the power to impose an excise duty to enforce observance. Generally, states are accountable for implementing the necessities imposed on health insurance issuers in the individual markets. In addition, states may enforce more stringent regulations on health insurance issuers in some specific situations (Fowler Jost, 2008). Conclusion It is not possible to achieve a reformed health care system and healthcare programs without health insurance policies. Any proposal seeking to subsidize or direct health insurance must describe the insurance coverage to be subsidized, and set up measures for assuring that plans conform to the requirements. The financial responsibilities of the insurer and protection of consumers against errant insurers, fraudulent marketing practices, and denial of claims are very important in any healthcare program (Fowler Jost, 2008). It is important to note that the enforcement of a particular regulatory principle is a significant administrative issue. However , the appropriate content of regulation of health insurance is mainly a policy issue. The federal government does not have a significant administrative framework for regulating health insurance. On the contrary, states have substantial regulatory understanding and proficiency (NAPA-NASI, 2009). A number of regulatory approaches are possible if health insurance reform is to take place at the federal level. The federal government could adopt its own health insurance regulations and form an administrative framework to impose them. Although the federal government cannot constitutionally mandate states to enforce federal laws, it could provide financial incentives to the states to take regulatory and enforcement procedures (Gluck Reno, 2001). The federal government should exploit the states’ regulatory skills, experiences and administrative mechanisms for consumer protection. This can be approached by developing a uniform national standard for health insurance to be fundamentally imposed on states level. States should be given the mandate to impose the national standards against all health plans existing in the state. As the case foe Medigap plans, states should be allowed to create standards that are more protective of their populace. The responsibility of states in protection of consumers of health insurance is likely to become more sophisticated. Policy makers at federal level are required to identify the difference in the resources and potential from state to state. Policy makers should also ensure that the states have the needed resources to impose new regulations on health insurers. References Angeles. ( 2009). Improving Medicaid As Part of Building on the Current System to Achieve Universal Coverage. Washington: Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. Baucus, M. (2008). Call to Action, Health Reform 2009. Washington: Senate Finance. Darr, K., Longest, B. B. (2008). Managing Health Services Organizations and Systems. New York: Health Professions Pr. Ebeler, J., Van de Water, P. N., Dem, C. (2006). Improving the Medicare Savings Programs. Washington: National Academy of Social Insurance.. Etheredge, L. (2009, May 16). Government and Health Care Costs: The Influence of Research on Policy. Retrieved from University of Pennsylvania: www.upenn.edu/ldi/etheredge1.pdf Fowler, E. J., Jost, T. S. (2008). Why Public Programs Matter- and Wil lContinue to Matter- Even After Health Reform. Journal of Law, Medicine, Ethics , 36(4):670-76. Gluck, M. G., Reno, V. (2001). Reflections on Implementing Medicare. Washington: National Academy of Social Insurance. Hacker, J. (2007). Health Care for America. Briefing Paper No. 18. Washington: : Economic Policy Institute (EPI). Hacker, J. (2009). Healthy Competition: How to Structure Public Health Insurance Plan Choice to Ensure Risk-Sharing, Cost Control, and Quality Improvement. Washington: Institute for America’s Future. Jost, T. S. (2009). The Regulation of Private Health Insurance. Wash ington: NAPA/NASI. Merlis, M. (2003). The Federal Employees Health Benefits Program: Program Design, Reent Performance, and Implications for Medicare Reform. Menlo Park, CA: Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. Monheit, A. C., Cantor, J. C. (2004). State Health Insurance Market Reform. New York: Routledge. Morone, J. A., Litman, T. J., Robins, L. S. (2008). Health Politics and Policy. New York: Delmar Cengage Learning. NAPA-NASI. (2009). Administartive Solutions in Health Reforms: Administrative Issues in Expanding Access to Health Care. New York: Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. Van de Water, P. N., Nathan, R. P. (2011). Governance Issues for Health Insurance Exchanges. Health Policy Brief No. 1 (pp. 1-12). Washington: National Academy of Social Insuarnce (NASI).