Least ost solution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Least ost arrangement - Essay Example Examination of the Supply Chain Project shows that move focuses isn't essential or supported. The major monetary factor which impacts the impact of separation on rates is the component of cost. In transportation, certain expenses are caused regardless of the genuine development per se.Products conveyed by Canbide are named generally safe items. Bearers are required to give associations and build sidings to conveyance of carload shipments to private sidings and to give group tracks for stacking and emptying. Exchanging administration for these tracks must be given on a sensible premise. As an issue of training, railways frequently arrange auxiliary exchanging and terminal organizations, regularly on a joint premise, to play out these administrations. Since the firm is little and frequently firmly held, it isn't astounding that the association of the engine bearer is the commonly basic line type with a progression of power from the proprietor descending through the association. The ada ptability of the trucks additionally represents another considerable preferred position, speed. While there is practically zero distinction in the supreme speed capability of surface vehicles (i.e., the miles every hour limit of trucks and trains are about the equivalent), the engine truck for the most part furnishes the shipper with better assistance in respect than slipped by time (travel time), which is a definitive proportion of time for the shipper. Transportation administration, in the same way as other different administrations or items, is once in a while delivered under states of basic expense;

Past Continuous Lesson Plan for ESL Learners

Past Continuous Lesson Plan for ESL Learners Learning the fundamental structure and utilization of the past persistent is normally not that hard for most understudies. Shockingly, this isn't the situation with regards to effectively incorporating the past nonstop into ordinary discussions or composed interchanges. This exercise is planned for helping understudies effectively utilize the past constant in talking and composing. This is done using the past persistent as a distinct tense to paint an image in expressions existing apart from everything else when something significant happened. Point To build dynamic utilization of the past persistent Movement Talking movement followed by a hole fill practice andâ creative composition Level Middle of the road Framework Start instructing the past consistent by recounting to a story with overstated subtleties using the past persistent. For instance: I recollect that day well. The feathered creatures were singing, the sun was sparkling, and the kids were messing around calmly. At that point, I saw Alex and began to look all starry eyed at. Point out how the past constant is utilized to portray the scene.Quickly audit the past persistent structure with the class. Go over contrasts in use between the past basic and past ceaseless. Point out that the past consistent spotlights on a particular second in the past.Write different models on the leading group of sentences joining the past straightforward and past nonstop to show the possibility of an interfered with past. For instance, I was strolling through the recreation center when I met David. Request that understudies remark on what work the past nonstop plays in the model sentences.Have understudies partition into little gatherings of 3-4.Ask understud ies to finish the movement by furnishing a fitting reaction with the past persistent to depict an activity that was interfered. Next, have understudies first conjugate action words in the past easy to finish the story. Next, request that they embed past persistent statements into the proper spot in the story.Correct this activity as a class. Make a point to note contrasts between the past consistent and past basic as you review.Ask understudies to finish the composed exercise concentrating on an uncommon day in their lives.Once theyve composed their passage, request that understudies discover an accomplice. Every understudy should peruse their passage and pose inquiries to check to understand.â Interfered with Actions Utilize the action word proposal to finish the sentence with a proper expression communicating an intruded on activity: I (watch) ____________ when her supervisor called with a vocation offer.My companions (play) _____________ when they felt the earthquake.When I strolled in the entryway, they kids (study) _________________.We (eat) _________________ when we heard the news.My guardians (travel) ________________ when I called that I was pregnant.â Utilization of the Past Continuous in Writing Put the accompanying action words into the past basic: Thomas _______ (live) in the unassuming community of Brington. Thomas _______ (love) strolling through the wonderful woods that encompassed Brington. One night, he ____ (take) his umbrella and _____ (take) a stroll in the forested areas. He ______ (meet) an elderly person named Frank. Forthcoming _______ (tell) Thomas that, on the off chance that he _____ (need) to get rich, he ought to put resources into a generally secret stock called Microsoft. Thomas ______ (think) Frank _____ (be) stupid on the grounds that Microsoft ____ (be) a PC stock. Everyone _____ (realize) that PCs _____ (be) only a passing craze. At any rate, Frank _______ (demand) that Thomas _____ (not be right. Blunt _______ (draw) a superb chart of future prospects. Thomas ______ (start) feeling that perhaps Frank ______ (get) stocks. Thomas _______ (choose) to get a portion of these stocks. The following day, he ______ (go) to the stock agents and _____ (purchase) $1,000 worth of Microsoft stock. That _____ (be) in 1986. Today, that $1,000 is worth more than $250,000! Improve the Story Supplement the accompanying past persistent sections into the above story: As Frank was drawing the diagram, ...... while he was strolling to work,it was coming down, so...While they were talking about the stock, ...When he was coming back from his stroll, ...As he was strolling through the forested areas, Composed Exercise Compose a depiction of a significant day in your life. Incorporate the most significant occasions that happened during that day in the past straightforward. When you have composed the significant occasions utilizing the past straightforward, attempt to incorporate a depiction of what was going on at a portion of the particular minutes when those occasions happened to give more details.Write out a couple of inquiries regarding your significant day. Make sure to remember a couple of inquiries for the past consistent. For instance, What was I doing when I got some answers concerning the job?Find an accomplice and read your story twice. Next, ask your accomplice your inquiries and discuss.Listen to your accomplices story and answer their inquiries.

The Effect of Employee Job Satisfaction

The Effect of Employee Job Satisfaction Study Objectives: The reason for this paper is to look at the effect of occupation weight on work fulfillment and hierarchical duty. The creator concentrated a portion of the definitions and the wellsprings of employment stress and he referenced a portion of the pressure related disease; he additionally analyzed the sorts and factors of hierarchical duty. The examination question of the paper is what is the impact of occupation weight on workers work fulfillment and authoritative duty? Catchphrases: work pressure, work fulfillment and hierarchical responsibility Presentation The primary reason for the paper is to look at the specific employment stress and its impact on work fulfillment of the representatives and authoritative responsibility and along these lines on the association all in all. Stress, which hugy affect work satisfaction that in this way influence the activity execution, is viewed as a characteristic division of every single occupation. Of late, analysts recommend that when the work nature adjusts the representatives government assistance is influenced. Nowadays, Job pressure considers a significant issue in light of its unavoidable result in any association because of the present life troubles (Singh, 2009: 255). Additionally Ziauddin et al (2010: 618) expressed that in our general public pressure is being inescapable; and so as to keep away from it, acknowledgment and acknowledgment can facilitate its outcomes and impacts. As occupation stress will influence authoritative responsibility, and this will straightforwardly prompt the execution of workers and will likewise influence the organizations execution. That is the reason associations need to diminish the weight on its workers. Another significant point in authoritative research is hierarchical duty. It very well may be utilized in the comprehension of representatives conduct in the work environment. Authoritative responsibility emulates how much workers relate to an association and are faithful to its objectives. Meta-examination contemplates uncovered a solid positive connection between authoritative responsibility and occupation fulfillment (Tett and Meyer, 1993). Then again, a few investigations found that 38 percent just of representatives experience a drawn out promise to their working environment. Anyway associations with exceptionally dedicated workers will have a higher efficiency than an association with a non submitted representatives (YUSOB, 1999) The three factors, work pressure, work fulfillment and duty to the association are grapping the consideration of the hierarchical conduct examine, these authoritative practices legitimately and emphatically influence the general execution of any foundation. (Chen, Silverthorne, Hung, 2005:243). One of the most raising issues is work pressure that outcomes in noteworthy expenses to laborers and the work relationship around the world, and it is the fundamental explanation behind representatives work fulfillment and authoritative duty (Khatibi, Asadi and Hamidi, 2009:272). A few confinements and holes have been found. The greater part of the investigations on work pressure concentrated uniquely on the impact of occupation weight on work fulfillment or hierarchical duty or even on the association execution. For instance; Sullivan Bahgat (1992) explore the connection between the hierarchical worry with work fulfillment and execution .Fairbrother and Warn (2003) applied an examination to look at the solid connection between stress, measurements of working environment and occupation fulfillment. Chen, Silverthorne Hung (2006) contemplated the impact of duty and authoritative correspondence on work pressure and employment execution. Khatibi, Asadi Hamidi (2009) inspected the association between work pressure and hierarchical responsibility in National Olympic and Paralympic Academy (NOPA) representatives. However, they didnt indicate any parts, similar to the work efficiency in Egypt or in some other nations. So the Research Question of the Research Gap is what is the impact of employment weight on work fulfillment and hierarchical responsibility on Egyptian work? The examination question of the paper is What is the impact of occupation weight on work fulfillment and hierarchical responsibility? since work pressure nowadays is inescapable impact in any enterprise in view of the present life challenges, and it may influence representatives work fulfillment and hierarchical responsibility, which may prompt the end of representatives and this will ruthlessly affect the association execution which will influence the association overall. The paper is comprised of four fundamental sections. The main fragment is a review on work pressure; its definition, sources and levels. The subsequent section is a diagram on work fulfillment; definition, factors and significance. The third portion is an outline on authoritative responsibility; definition, types and factors influencing it. The last portion will analyze the effect of employment weight on work fulfillment and hierarchical responsibility. At that point at long last the procedure will be examined trailed by the end. Writing Review Diagram on work pressure The activity stress is in a roundabout way corresponding with the hierarchical responsibility and the activity execution , at whatever point the representative is progressively dedicated to the association , the activity stress will diminish, along these lines the activity execution will increment and the other way around. . (Chen, Silverthorne, Hung, 2005:243), a raising issue of dealing with worry at work is being looked by personals and their organizations nonetheless, they are powerless on the grounds that they have to comprehend the idea of their activity related pressure (Williams, Cooper, 1998:306). One hazard that should catch the eye of supervisors and they should be receptive to negative factors, for example, work pressure that have a negative consequences for representatives wellbeing and subsequently it unconstructively affects work fulfillment and occupation execution. (Hamidi and Eivazi, 2010:964). Meaning of occupation stress As per Hamidi and Eivazi (2010: 964) work pressure is characterized as the condition where a few highlights or a gathering of qualities that upset the representative on his/her physical, mental, or cultural homeostasis. Moreover, Williams, Cooper (1998: 307) recognized that activity Stress, which can be estimated by some different estimates, for example, mental state of being, apprehension, and employment fulfillment, is a convoluted, multivariate procedure. Likewise (Lee Shin: 2005, 100) concurred that activity stress is the state of wistful weakness and mockery that happens over and again between substances who accomplish individuals work (Lee Shin: 2005, 100). Wellsprings of occupation stress In the working environment there are numerous explanations behind representatives work pressure; one of the fundamental reasons is the work over-burden, representatives remain at the association for a great deal of time attempting to deal with their employments on their cutoff times. While administrators give no consideration for the pressure and in addition they ask more work from worker to do (Shahu and Gole, 2008: 238) In our life there are numerous significant parts; work life is one of those parts. It causes various kinds of stress. Serious nature of the occupations drives representatives to be progressively stressed and invest more energy in their work; this thought about a purpose behind pressure. By and large representatives are progressively on edge about their outcomes and results in their work, along these lines impact their medicines with individuals and with their clients too. As the paper appeared before pressure is worried about ecological conditions which designed to introduce the interest that terrifies to surpass the people capacities. Stress drives a negative effect on the association, so the representatives and their manager ought to comprehend the causes or the wellsprings of stress (Abdullah and ahsan 2009: 121-122). There are various factors that have significant impact on work pressure. Those factors are job vagueness, job struggle, work over-burden, and employment prompted tension. Job strife and job uncertainty are identified with hierarchical and singular results. Job equivocalness is a degree that undeniable information is missing concerning three stages. The initial step is the probabilities identified with a job. The subsequent advance is the methods used to achieve job desires and probabilities. The third step is the job execution results. Job vagueness might be brought about by insecure desires and probabilities. Job strife happened when an individual meets the prompt frequency of job prerequisites where individual execution forestalls the others execution. Work over-burden shows a lot of work and duties that surpass people capacity. Employment incited uneasiness is the degree that people know how the sign and indications of stress over their work position and conditions (Li and Shani 1991: 108-109). Occupation stress is a consequence of hierarchical segments, working for extended periods, absence of authoritative help and authoritative change. Absence of help from managers and partners, and struggle with requests and weights can prompt expanding work pressure. There are different wellsprings of employment stress, lacking staffing, and long working hours. Obligation plans which are in struggle with time for family, shot field duty, arrangements, danger of military orders, issue with managers and a wide decent variety of other employment related issues and issues. Work over-burden, work configuration, work capabilities, work execution and hierarchical structure are markers of employment stress. This investigation likewise included different wellsprings of occupation stress which are work measurement factors which incorporate absence of clearness of the work job, and unsettling influence of individual life and consistently schedules (Bokti and Abu Talib 2009: 301). There are three distinct impacts that have incredible effect on making pressure. The primary impact is close to home impact; it affirmed that the element of the conjugal relationship will referee the impacts of employment frailty (Wilson and Larson 1993: 74). Low wages or pay rates, terrible condition in work, for example, low social help and high remaining burden, and significant level of pressure, those are factors that make representatives leave their work and positions. While, getting acknowledgment in the work environment was one reason that make representatives to proceed in their activity

Teens and Sex Education Free Essays

Youngsters and Sex Education | |Home gt;gt;Teen Sexuality | |[pic] | |[pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic] | |Teen sex training, or adolescent sex ed, is significant for helping adolescents to comprehend the adjustments in their bodies and in their | |relationships during the high school years.Sex instruction assists teenagers with settling on sound decisions about connections and sex. | |Sex instruction for adolescents should begin a long time before the young years. We will compose a custom article test on Youngsters and Sex Education or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now Beginning early, guardians ought to have age-proper | |discussions with their youngsters about affection, connections, qualities, and sex. It is fitting to give youngsters and teenagers legit, | |clear addresses when they pose inquiries about their bodies or about connections. For small kids these answers don't have to | |be realistic, yet ought to be direct. |If guardians make sex training an open, progressing conversation with their kid, when the youngster is a high schooler the individual in question will feel | |more happy with asking their folks inquiries about sex and the progressions realized by sexual improvement in the adolescent | |years.Parental supposition is one of the most significant components teenagers use to settle on choices about sex. In the event that guardians have not instructed | |their teenagers about sex, or demoralize inquiries from their adolescents, the youngsters will get a greater amount of their sex training from companions and | |the media, which are not dependable sources. |Teens do find out about sex from TV, films, music, and magazines; those youngsters who were presented to sex through any of these | |media when youthful are bound to start engaging in sexual relations at an early age. The need to address the bogus impressions youngsters may get | |from the media about sex is a significant explanation t hat adolescents ought to get sex training from their folks. | |Sex instruction directed through schools or strict gatherings can likewise assist with adjusting the misguided and some of the time beguiling sex | |education teenagers get from the media and from friends.Some kinds of sex training introduced by schools or strict associations | |for youngsters and adolescents may include: | |Good contact awful touch talks for basic understudies, instructing them that they reserve the option to be protected from unseemly physical| |contact, and that they should regard this privilege in others. | |Basic portrayals of the conceptive framework, typically introduced in center school, before pubescence, to pre-youngsters isolated by | |gender. |Discussions of human sexuality, explicitly transmitted maladies, and sorts of conception prevention, including restraint, as a rule | |presented to adolescents in secondary school sex instruction courses. | |Value-based, age-fitting conversations about connections and sexuality offered by strict gatherings. | |These sex training classes by and large require parental endorsement before the kid or youngster can partake, and give guardians | |another chance to examine connections and qualities with their kids or teens.Schools, strict gatherings, and network | |organizations may likewise offer counsel or composed materials to assist guardians with conversing with their adolescents about sex. | |Some guardians are worried about the possibility that that adolescent sex instruction urges their youngsters to have intercourse. An ongoing report i n Texas, in any case, found that | |teens who took a fourteen day sex training class turned out to be progressively keen on holding up until after secondary school to engage in sexual relations; before the | |class 84 percent of the teenagers needed to pause, and after the class 87 percent were anticipating pausing. Additionally, before the class 60 | |percent of the youngsters said they needed to hold up until union with engage in sexual relations, and after the class 71 percent were anticipating | |abstaining until marriage. | |The probability that adolescents will engage in sexual relations is likewise decreased in the event that they observe under 2 hours of TV on weeknights, go to | |religious administrations, and originate from a family with the two guardians. | |Parents, regardless of whether wedded or single, are as yet the most grounded impact on the decisions their adolescents make about sex. By being | |involved in their teens’ sex training, guardians can enable their teenagers to create solid perspectives about adoration and sex. | The most effective method to refer to Teens and Sex Education, Papers

Essay on Technology - Database Design Concepts

Essay Sample on Technology A Database Management System (DBMS) is required to store, retrieve and manipulate data from a database. according to Healey, the term DBMS will be used to refer to a software package for a storage, manipulation and retrieval of data from a database. a database is a collection of one or more data files or tables stored in a structured manner, such that interrelationships which exist between different items or sets of data can be utilized by the DBMS software for manipulation and retrieval purposes. The basic infrastructure to build other organizational information systems is a DBMS. Key Issues and applications of the DBMS There are several different issues related to data management in an organization environment. Filing system was adequate only for data storage, although not very efficient but it fulfilled the requirements of long-term data storage. Data retrieval was one of the major issues in file-based systems but with the advent of Database Management Systems and its quick and speedy retrieval methodology this issue was resolved. In the context of Dublin City Council Housing Project, some basic forms connected to a well-designed database will do the trick for data storage making it as effective and efficient as possible. Data retrieval can be performed more quickly compared to file based system. String based search and a few clicks is all that is required to get the required data from system. Updating of data is also a problematic area when database management system is not used. For Dublin City Housing, some part of data is ever changing like the apartment in which a particular household is residing. People move to different places and this information will be modified more frequently than other data. With a database system, it will take a few clicks to get this updated across the whole system. another key issue is analytical reporting. Imaging how hard it will be to figure out from a filing system that how many 2-bedroom apartments are vacant in the whole housing complex. With the native query language (SQL) of database, it is now a matter of seconds and you get your desired results. These are the basic issues that database management systems cater to however the benefits and applications are innumerable. Features and advantages of MS-access Compatibility It is compatible with all Microsoft products since it is a product of Microsoft, as well. User friendly Since it is a Microsoft Product, users are highly familiar with the interface as it has similar look and feel, which makes it user friendly. It is also very easy to use compared to other database systems. Scalable It is possible that the housing development and apartments might grow with time. MS access has upgrade capabilities so in case Dublin City Council Housing need to grow they can upgrade to SQL Server. Backup Dublins housing data can be easily backed up, frequently. So it is available in case of need. Cost effective Dublin Housing will not have to spend heavily on its DBMS if MS access is being used. Setup and Maintenance cost is also less, as compared to larger database systems. as it is mentioned on the access Programmers website, Microsoft access is virtually free. If your computers already have the Microsoft Office Professional Suite of business products installed that is automatically bundled as part of Microsoft Office Professional, Microsoft access is already available and there is no additional database software that is required. Support Microsoft access Support resources are available easily than any other desktop DBMS so providing support is not a difficult task. L02 Task 1 Classic SDLC Database System according to alexis Mathews (2005), different phases of DDLC are requirements analysis, database design, DBMS evaluation, selection, implementation, data loading, testing, operation, performance tuning, and maintenance. Requirements analysis Companys situation, problems and constraints are analyzed and defined. It is discussed what improvements a database management system will bring and what objectives it will help fulfill. Requirements are explicitly and granularly defined so the objectives are clear among teams of what to develop and deliver. Database Design alexis Mathews (2005) mentioned that in a database design, first a conceptual design of the database is created. In the conceptual design stage, data modeling is used to create an abstract database structure that represents the real-world scenario. Data analysis is performed. Data Items and attributes are determined. Data modeling and normalization takes place. an Entity Relationship Diagram is developed (ERD is discussed in detail in the next section). Evaluation and Selection In this phase the best suited database management system is selected and evaluated by its features, compatibility, support availability, cost and hardware requirements. Logical Design Basically, in the logical design we create a normalized ERD in which dependencies and data redundancy is minimized. Physical Design Data Dictionary is created that defines data types for attributes, indexing and parameters. Implementation It is the actual implementation of logical design through Data Definition Languages. Tables and relationships are created, different integrity constraints are applied, and indexes are defined to get an operational database ready for data storage and retrieval. Data Loading Data is loaded into the system. Testing and performance tuning Database is thoroughly tested to ensure it produces accurate results and it is optimized, if required. Maintenance This phase involves support and training. LO2 Task 2 Entity Relationship Modeling and Normalization The entity relationship model is high-level conceptual model where data is described in terms of Entities, Relationships and attributes. For the Dublin Housing Project, the entities we can infer are Housing Developments, apartment and Household Member. The relationships that we can define are: One Housing Development has Many apartments One apartment has Many Household Member living in it. attributes for each entity are defined e.g. Household Member will have attributes like Name, Date of Birth, Sex etc. The Entity relationship model of this scenario will be something like: Figure: Sample ERD for Dublin City HousingThere are several advantages and disadvantages of ER model. The conceptual design is easier to understand and is more close to the real life entities. Understanding an ER model is easier as it is more intuitive than any other form of database design. There are some disadvantages as well. If the physical database is modeled directly in line with ER model then there will be many issues like data redundancy. E.g: Each Household Member is part of a household and each household has its own set of attributes to identify itself. From the ER model given above, we can see that the Household information will be stored in the same entity record as Household Member. So there will be set of attributes that will repeat their value for all the members belonging to the same household. This will cause major integrity and consistency issues. Normalization Normalization is the process of decomposing entities into multiple related entities based on some dependency rules. The main objective is to reduce data redundancy as it can cause integrity and consistency issues. The normalized database is much more structured and easier to maintain compared to non-normalized database. E.g. In the example above, Household Member module is decomposed into two models: Household and Member where the attributes are divided logically and a relationship is added between Household and Member entities. Now the data redundancy for Household values will be removed. The basic advantage of normalization is a maintainable database design, reduced redundancy, better consistency and integrity of data. On the other hand, a special construct of Join needs to be used while querying the database for required results. If there are many decomposed tables with large quantity of data, this can cause some performance over heads. L03 Task 1 SDLC database methodology Dublin SDLC Plan Planning Phase: The main objective of this system will be to have robust storage of relevant data along with efficient retrieval and reporting schemes to assist in decision making. Data Security Data Integrity Data Retrieval Reporting MS access is to be used as the database and front end engine. For a small unit like Dublin City Housing, MS access provides ample functionality and is easy and cost effective to develop. Some basic reporting is also a part of it and that serves the purpose. analysis Phase: The following functional requirements are in place for this system: Management Housing Developments. This includes storage, retrieval, manipulation and deletion of data. Storage, Retrieval, Manipulation and Deletion of apartment related data. Management of Household Members (storage, retrieval, manipulation and deletion of data). Keeping track of household members movements from one apartment to another. Data requirements are not very complicated. Here are some of the considerations and requirements for data: Every apartment should be part of one housing development. It should be made sure that a household member is part on only one household, being part of multiple households will cause data integrity issues. Every household will occupy only one apartment at a given time. Date formats should be properly validated as incorrect formats will cause data consistency issues and will hamper filtering and reporting. Design Phase: 1. Conceptual Design: 2. Relational Schema Model: 3. Physical Design LO3 Task 2 [Database application (Forms, software application, tables etc) is submitted electronically] Queries are as follows: Query to get member and the apartment they are residing in: select member.*, apartment.* from members left join household on members.household_id = household.id left join apartments on apartments.id = household.apartment_id Query to get related apartments with one housing devlopment select * from apartments where housing_development_id = Query to see movement of household sorted by most recent movement first select mh.date_move, hh.name, from move_history mh left join household hh on hh.id = mh.household_id order by mh.date_move desc. LO3 Task 3 Suggestions The developed database system fulfills all functional requirements. Different entities can be managed easily through the forms developed. System will help decision makers to make effective decisions through analytical reporting. There are several enhancements and improvements that can be made in the system like extending it to handle rental payments for apartments, managing issues like civil works required. On the technical side, the system should be easily upgradable and extendible. It should be equipped to be able to take advantage from upgrades and improvements to core technologies, which in this case is MS access. LO3 Task 4 User Manual access information: To access particular table, click on its drop down, then find and click on table option. You will see all saved records as below: Create input forms In main menu, under Create, there is an option to create forms. You can look form in different views by just Right-clicking it. Layout view: Goto Layout view to format your form. You can apply a theme by accessing main menu Format after selecting Layout-view. Manipulate Data You can manipulate data at table-view and form-view by clicking on the field. Delete Information There are two ways to delete records. Select one/more records from table-view, right click and delete. add a new button to existing form, and sets its operation to delete. Whenever you want to delete a record, find your record by previous or next button and press DELETE. Bibliography 1. access Programmers, 2009. Management Benefits [online] available at: http://www.access-programmers.com/management-benefits.aspx [accessed 27 May 2015]. 2. alexis Mathews, 2005, Database Development Life Cycle. [online] available at: http://www.leon-leon.com/wp/2005/11/21/ddlc.html [accessed 27 May 2015]. 3. Healy, R.G., 1991 Database Management Systems. [e-book] available at: http://www.wiley.com/legacy/wileychi/gis/Volume1/BB1v1_ch18.pdf [accessed 27 May 2015].

Statement of Purpose Chemical Engineering Writing Assignment - 275 Words

Statement of Purpose Chemical Engineering Writing Assignment (Admission Essay Sample) Content: Statement of Purpose Chemical EngineeringOver the past one decade, the world has experienced a significant decline of the biodiversity which threaten the existence of the ecosystem. My professional goal is to acquire knowledge in chemical engineering to enable me to convert non-valuable materials such as waste products to reduce the dependency of biodiversity thus alleviating its decline.In my home country Cameroon, I was a member of the EcoSave club where we collected plastic waste from the landfills and sell them to a local recycling plant. However, during our activities, I realized that the plant did not have the capacity to recycle all the plastics in the local landfill. Additionally, some of the wastes such as e-waste and biodegradable wastes were not recycled at all. A major in chemical engineering will equip me with a broad range of competencies which would enable me to develop an innovative solution to various consequences of diversity such reduction of raw ma terials.A major in chemical engineering will expose me to different concepts of chemistry and mathematics which will enable me to utilize the waste products...

Pelycosaurs, Archosaurs, and Therapsids

Like archeologists discovering the ruins of a previously unknown civilization buried deep beneath an ancient city, dinosaur enthusiasts are sometimes astonished to learn that entirely different kinds of reptiles once ruled the earth, tens of millions of years before famous dinosaurs like Tyrannosaurus Rex, Velociraptor, and Stegosaurus. For approximately 120 million years—from the Carboniferous to the middle Triassic periods—terrestrial life was dominated by the pelycosaurs, archosaurs, and therapsids (the so-called mammal-like reptiles) that preceded the dinosaurs. Of course, before there could be archosaurs (much less full-blown dinosaurs), nature had to evolve the first true reptile. At the start of the Carboniferous period--the swampy, wet, vegetation-choked era during which the first peat bogs formed—the most common land creatures were prehistoric amphibians, themselves descended (by way of the earliest tetrapods) from the proverbial  prehistoric fish that flipped, flopped, and slithered their way out of oceans and lakes millions of years before. Because of their reliance on water, though, these amphibians couldnt stray far from the rivers, lakes, and oceans that kept them moist, and that provided a convenient place to lay their eggs. Based on the current evidence, the best candidate we know of for the first true reptile is Hylonomus, fossils of which have been found in sediments dating back 315 million years. Hylonomus—the name is Greek for forest dweller—may well have been the first tetrapod (four-footed animal) to lay eggs and have scaly skin, features that would have allowed it to venture farther from the bodies of water to which its amphibian ancestors were tethered. Theres no doubt that Hylonomus evolved from an amphibian species; in fact, scientists believe that the elevated oxygen levels of the Carboniferous period may have helped fuel the development of complex animals in general. The Rise of the Pelycosaurs Now came one of those catastrophic global events that cause some animal populations to prosper, and others to shrivel up and disappear. Toward the start of the  Permian period, about 300 million years ago, the earths climate gradually became hotter and drier. These conditions favored small reptiles like Hylonomus  and were detrimental to the amphibians that had previously dominated the planet. Because they were better at regulating their own body temperature, laid their eggs on land, and didnt need to stay close to bodies of water, the reptiles radiated—that is, evolved and differentiated to occupy various ecological niches. (The amphibians didnt go away—they’re still with us today, in dwindling numbers—but their time in the limelight was over.) One of the most important groups of evolved reptiles was the pelycosaurs (Greek for bowl lizards). These creatures appeared toward the end of the Carboniferous period, and persisted well into the Permian, dominating the continents for about 40 million years. By far the most famous pelycosaur (and one thats often mistaken for a dinosaur) was Dimetrodon, a large reptile with a prominent sail on its back (the main function of which may have been to soak up sunlight and maintain its owners internal temperature). The pelycosaurs made their livings in different ways: for example, Dimetrodon was a carnivore, while its similar-looking cousin Edaphosaurus was a plant-eater (and its entirely possible that one fed on the other). Its impossible to list all the genera of pelycosaurs here; suffice it to say that a lot of different varieties evolved over 40 million years. These reptiles are classified as synapsids, which are characterized by the presence of one hole in the skull behind each eye (technically speaking, all mammals are also synapsids). During the Permian period, synapsids coexisted with anapsids (reptiles lacking those all-important skull holes). Prehistoric anapsids also attained a striking degree of complexity, as exemplified by such large, ungainly creatures as Scutosaurus. (The only anapsid reptiles alive today are the Testudines—turtles, tortoises, and terrapins.) Meet the Therapsids—The Mammal-Like Reptiles The timing and sequence cant be pinned down precisely, but paleontologists believe that sometime during the early  Permian  period, a branch of pelycosaurs evolved into reptiles called therapsids (otherwise known as mammal-like reptiles). Therapsids were characterized by their more powerful jaws bearing sharper (and better differentiated) teeth, as well as their upright stances (that is, their legs were situated vertically beneath their bodies, compared to the sprawling, lizard-like posture of earlier synapsids). Once again, it took a catastrophic global event to separate the boys from the men (or, in this case, the pelycosaurs from the therapsids). By the end of the Permian period,  250 million years ago, over two-thirds of all land-dwelling animals went extinct, possibly because of a meteorite impact (of the same type that killed the dinosaurs 185 million years later). Among the survivors were various species of therapsids, which were free to radiate into the depopulated landscape of the early  Triassic  period. A good example is  Lystrosaurus, which evolutionary writer Richard Dawkins has called the Noah of the Permian/Triassic boundary: fossils of this 200-pound therapsid have been found all over the world. Here’s where things get weird. During the Permian period, the cynodonts (dog-toothed reptiles) that descended from the earliest therapsids developed some distinctly mammalian characteristics. Theres solid evidence that reptiles like  Cynognathus  and  Thrinaxodon  had fur, and they may also have had  warm-blooded metabolisms  and black, wet, dog-like noses. Cynognathus (Greek for dog jaw) may even have given birth to live young, which by almost any measure would make it much closer to a mammal than to a reptile! Sadly, the therapsids were doomed by the end of the Triassic period, muscled out of the scene by the archosaurs (of which more below), and then by the archosaurs immediate descendants, the  earliest dinosaurs. However, not all therapsids went extinct: a few small genera survived for tens of millions of years, scurrying unnoticed under the feet of lumbering dinosaurs and evolving into the first  prehistoric mammals  (of which the immediate predecessor may have been the small, quivering therapsid Tritylodon.) Enter the Archosaurs Another family of prehistoric reptile, called the  archosaurs, coexisted with the therapsids (as well as the other land reptiles that survived the Permian/Triassic extinction). These early diapsids—so-called because of the two, rather than one, holes in their skulls behind each eye socket—managed to out-compete the therapsids, for reasons that are still obscure. We do know that the teeth of archosaurs were more firmly set in their jaw sockets, which would have been an evolutionary advantage, and its possible that they were quicker to evolve upright, bipedal postures (Euparkeria, for example, may have been one of the first archosaurs capable of rearing up on its hind legs.) Toward the end of the Triassic period, the first archosaurs split off into the first primitive dinosaurs: small, quick, bipedal carnivores like  Eoraptor,  Herrerasaurus,  and  Staurikosaurus. The identity of the immediate progenitor of the dinosaurs is still a matter of debate, but one likely candidate is  Lagosuchus  (Greek for rabbit crocodile), a tiny, bipedal archosaur that possessed a number of distinctly dinosaur-like characteristics, and that sometimes goes by the name  Marasuchus. (Recently, paleontologists identified what may well be the earliest dinosaur descended from archosaurs, the 243-million-year-old  Nyasasaurus.) It would, however, be a very dinosaur-centric way of looking at things to write archosaurs out of the picture as soon as they evolved into the first theropods. The fact is that archosaurs went on to spawn two other mighty races of animals: the  prehistoric crocodiles  and the  pterosaurs, or flying reptiles. In fact, by all rights, we should be giving crocodiles precedence over dinosaurs, since these fierce reptiles are still with us today, whereas  Tyrannosaurus Rex,  Brachiosaurus,  and all the rest arent!